The outpaced potential of fifth-generation wireless technology appears to enable, for the first time, the realization of standards-based standalone private network for a large number of demanding mission-critical and business applications across enterprise and industry verticals. Therefore, in this paper, we investigate the practical realization of a private 5G network in an industrial area with a focus on a smart factory and provide a comprehensive overview of the research on the conceptual architecture and its deployment and implementation in operational demonstrations. In addition, we present various evaluation metrics such as uplink and downlink performance and round-trip-time delay and discuss comprehensive deployment analyses.

In this paper, we present the results which aim to practically scrutinize the stringent requirements of the 3GPP TR 36.777 for drone’s command-and-control link reliability of 99.9% and the maximum one-way air interface delay of 50 ms. To verify whether the requirements are reachable, we conduct comprehensive field trial measurements in a densely populated urban area, in Vienna, Austria, where the drone flies at altitudes of up to 120 m on operational LTE network. Our results show that there is an over-expectation in the requirements under current network conditions.

The key innovation of 5G technology consists of enabling a seamless integration of aerial mobile users into cellular networks. However, existing cellular infrastructures have not been designed and developed to provide communication services to aerial users. Hence, measurement campaigns and field trials are required to investigate the underlying behaviour of drones when integrating into wireless networks. This provides insights to mobile network providers, complementary industries in addition to research institutions to design and deliver new infrastructures and standards, required by new aerial users. In this vein, we present a field trial study of a drone connected to a commercial LTE network. The objective is to investigate the impact of flight altitudes on various performance metrics.

We analyze the error floor of unequalized personal communications systems using minimum-shift keying (MSK) with training-sequence-based adaptive sampling in a two-delay fading channel. We include Gaussian filtering of the input, finite accuracy in determining the optimum sampling time, and filtering at the receiver. We prove that for pure MSK and low time dispersion, training-sequence-based adaptive sampling can completely avoid errors caused by intersymbol interference. The actual errors are caused by "secondary" effects (filtering and finite-resolution sampling) in conjunction with the channel time dispersion. Errors occur if the normalized phasor of the channel impulse response falls into certain error regions; the computation of these regions gives physical insights into the error mechanism and allows a highly efficient computation of the average bit-error rate (BER). The average BER varies as K/spl middot/(S/T)/sup 2/, where S is the RMS delay spread and T is the bit length. The proportionality constant K depends on the Gaussian filtering in the transmitter, the receiver filtering, and the amount of oversampling. The BER can be orders of magnitude lower than for the (quasi-) fixed sampling case, in which timing is derived solely based on the channel delay power profile. For two-branch diversity reception, we show that the BER is proportional to (S/T)/sup 4/.