In this project note we describe our work to make better documentation for the Open Multilingual Wordnet (OMW), a platform integrating many open wordnets.This includes the documentation of the OMW website itself as well as of semantic relations used by the component wordnets.Some of this documentation work was done with the support of the Google Season of Docs.The OMW project page, which links both to the actual OMW server and the documentation has been moved to a new location: https://omwn.org.

In 2008, the Princeton team released the last version of the "Princeton Annotated Gloss Corpus".In this corpus.The word forms from the definitions and examples (glosses) of Princeton Word-Net are manually linked to the contextappropriate sense in WordNet.However, the annotation was not complete, and the dataset was never officially released as part of WordNet 3.0, remaining as one of the standoff files available for download.Eleven years later, in 2019, one of the authors of this paper restarted the project aiming to complete the sense annotation of the approximately 200 thousand word forms not yet annotated.Here, we provide additional motivations to complete this dataset and report the progress in the work and evaluations.Intending to provide an extra level of consistency in the sense annotation and a deep semantic representation of the definitions and examples promoting WordNet from a lexical resource to a lightweight ontology, we now employ the English Resource Grammar (ERG), a broad-coverage HPSG grammar of English to parse the sentences and project the sense annotations from the surface words to the ERG predicates.We also report some initial steps on upgrading the corpus to WordNet 3.1 to facilitate mapping the data to other lexical resources.

Semantic role labeling (SRL) represents the meaning of a sentence in the form of predicate-argument structures. Such shallow semantic analysis is helpful in a wide range of downstream NLP tasks and real-world applications. As treebanks enabled the development of powerful syntactic parsers, the accurate predicate-argument analysis demands training data in the form of propbanks. Unfortunately, most languages simply do not have corresponding propbanks due to the high cost required to construct such resources. To overcome such challenges, Universal Proposition Bank 1.0 (UP1.0) was released in 2017, with high-quality propbank data generated via a two-stage method exploiting monolingual SRL and multilingual parallel data. In this paper, we introduce Universal Proposition Bank 2.0 (UP2.0), with significant enhancements over UP1.0: (1) propbanks with higher quality by using a state-of-the-art monolingual SRL and improved auto-generation of annotations; (2) expanded language coverage (from 7 to 9 languages); (3) span annotation for the decoupling of syntactic analysis; and (4) Gold data for a subset of the languages. We also share our experimental results that confirm the significant quality improvements of the generated propbanks. In addition, we present a comprehensive experimental evaluation on how different implementation choices impact the quality of the resulting data. We release these resources to the research community and hope to encourage more research on cross-lingual SRL.

The maintenance of wordnets and lexical knwoledge bases typically relies on time-consuming manual effort. In order to minimise this issue, we propose the exploitation of models of distributional semantics, namely word embeddings learned from corpora, in the automatic identification of relation instances missing in a wordnet. Analogy-solving methods are first used for learning a set of relations from analogy tests focused on each relation. Despite their low accuracy, we noted that a portion of the top-given answers are good suggestions of relation instances that could be included in the wordnet. This procedure is applied to the enrichment of OpenWordNet-PT, a public Portuguese wordnet. Relations are learned from data acquired from this resource, and illustrative examples are provided. Results are promising for accelerating the identification of missing relation instances, as we estimate that about 17% of the potential suggestions are good, a proportion that almost doubles if some are automatically invalidated.

The Global Wordnet Formats have been introduced to enable wordnets to have a common representation that can be integrated through the Global WordNet Grid.As a result of their adoption, a number of shortcomings of the format were identified, and in this paper we describe the extensions to the formats that address these issues.These include: ordering of senses, dependencies between wordnets, pronunciation, syntactic modelling, relations, sense keys, metadata and RDF support.Furthermore, we provide some perspectives on how these changes help in the integration of wordnets.

We describe the release of a new wordnet for English based on the Princeton WordNet, but now developed under an open-source model.In particular, this version of WordNet, which we call English WordNet 2019, which has been developed by multiple people around the world through GitHub, fixes many errors in previous wordnets for English.We give some details of the changes that have been made in this version and give some perspectives about likely future changes that will be made as this project continues to evolve.

We describe how a natural language interface can be developed for a wordnet with a small set of handcrafted templates, leveraging on sentence embeddings.The proposed approach does not use rules for parsing natural language queries but experiments showed that the embeddings model is tolerant enough for correctly predicting relation types that do not match known patterns exactly.It was tested with OpenWordNet-PT, for which this method may provide an alternative interface, with benefits also on the curation process.

Lexical resources need to be as complete as possible.Very little work seems to have been done on adverbs, the smallest part of speech class in Princeton WordNet counting the number of synsets.Amongst adverbs, manner adverbs ending in '-ly' seem the easiest to work with, as their meaning is almost the same as the one of the associated adjective.This phenomenon seems to be parallel in English and Portuguese, where these manner adverbs finish in the suffix '-mente'.We use this correspondence to improve the coverage of adverbs in the lexical resource OpenWordNet-PT, a wordnet for Portuguese.

In the Princeton WordNet Gloss Corpus, the word forms from the definitions ("glosses") in WordNet's synsets are manually linked to the context-appropriate sense in the WordNet.The glosses then become a sense-disambiguated corpus annotated against WordNet version 3.0.The result is also called a semantic concordance, which can be seen as both a lexicon (WordNet extension) and an annotated corpus.In this work we motivate and present the initial steps to complete the annotation of all openclass words in this corpus.Finally, we introduce a freely-available annotation interface built as an Emacs extension, and evaluate a preliminary annotation effort.

This work investigates legal concepts and their expression in Portuguese, concentrating on the “Order of Attorneys of Brazil” Bar exam. Using a corpus formed by a collection of multiple-choice questions, three norms related to the Ethics part of the OAB exam, language resources (Princeton WordNet and OpenWordNet-PT) and tools (AntConc and Freeling), we began to investigate the concepts and words missing from our repertory of concepts and words in Portuguese, the knowledge base OpenWordNet-PT. We add these concepts and words to OpenWordNet-PT and hence obtain a representation of these texts that is mostly “contained” in the lexical knowledge base.

In order to practice a legal profession in Brazil, law graduates must be approved in the OAB national unified bar exam.For their topic coverage and national reach, the OAB exams provide an excellent benchmark for the performance of legal information systems, as it provides objective metrics and are challenging even for humans, as only 20% of its candidates are approved.After constructing a new data set on the exams and doing shallow experiments on it, we now employ the OpenWordnet-PT to verify whether using word senses and relations we can improve previous results.We discuss the results, possible future ideas and the additions to the OpenWordnet-PT that we made.

This paper describes work extending Princeton WordNet to the domain of geological texts, associated with the time periods of the geological eras of the Earth History.We intend this extension to be considered as an example for any other domain extension that we might want to pursue.To provide this extension, we first produce a textual version of Princeton WordNet.Then we map a fragment of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) ontologies to WordNet and create the appropriate new synsets.We check the extended ontology on a small corpus of sentences from Gas and Oil technical reports and realize that more work needs to be done, as we need new words, new senses and new compounds in our extended WordNet.

In Brazil, all legal professionals must demonstrate their knowledge of the law and its application by passing the OAB exams, the national Bar exams. This article describes the construction of a new data set and some preliminary experiments on it, treating the problem of finding the justification for the answers to questions. The results provide a baseline performance measure against which to evaluate future improvements. We discuss the reasons to the poor performance and propose next steps.

Semantic relations between words are key to building systems that aim to understand and manipulate language.For English, the "de facto" standard for representing this kind of knowledge is Princeton's WordNet.Here, we describe the wordnet-like resources currently available for Portuguese: their origins, methods of creation, sizes, and usage restrictions.We start tackling the problem of comparing them, but only in quantitative terms.Finally, we sketch ideas for potential collaboration between some of the projects that produce Portuguese wordnets.

This paper presents our first attempt at verifying integrity constraints of our openWordnet-PT against the ontology for Wordnets encoding.Our wordnet is distributed in Resource Description Format (RDF) and we want to guarantee not only the syntax correctness but also its semantics soundness.

This paper presents NomLex-BR, a lexical resource describing Brazilian Portuguese nominalizations, and its integration with OpenWordnet-PT.We first describe the original English NOMLEX lexical resource and how we used it to bootstrap a Portuguese version.Subsequently, we describe how this lexicon can be embedded into OpenWordnet-PT, which facilitates its use and helps spot-checking both the bigger integrated resource and the original lexicon.Lastly, we outline some of the other, more substantial work that we plan to engage for the project of using linguistic insights for knowledge representation in Portuguese.

This paper presents OpenWordNet-PT, a freely available open-source wordnet for Portuguese, with its latest developments and practical uses.We provide a detailed description of the RDF representation developed for OpenWordnet-PT.We highlight our efforts to extend the coverage of our resource and add nominalization relations connecting nouns and verbs.Finally, we present several real-world applications where OpenWordnet-PT was put to use, including a large-scale high-throughput sentiment analysis system.

This paper briefly shows how Intuitionistic Description Logic can be considered a good alternative to classical ALC as far as formalizing legal knowledge is concerned.

This paper considers a formal framework to contextualize ontologies and presents a formal algebra to manipulate these entities providing several ways of composing ontologies, contexts or both. The algebra gives the flexibility that is required to model applications where the meaning of an entity depends on environment constraints or where dynamic changes in the environment must be considered.