Izabela Krejtz

VLDB 2026 Research / reviewers in the wild / expert

dblp:61/11303 · DBLP profile ↗

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29ranked-venue papers

2as first author

20since 2021 · last 2026

0000-0002-9827-8371ORCID · verified

Domains — the database's venue-derived domains; a paper can count in several

Human-computer interaction and ubiquitous computing · 22 · 2 first-author · 15 since 2021Graphics, computer vision, multimedia, augmented reality and games · 17 · 1 first-author · 11 since 2021Artificial intelligence and machine learning · 7 · 5 since 2021Applied, interdisciplinary, general and emerging computing · 2 · 2 since 2021

Year	Publication	Venue	Position
2026	Cultural Accessibility: How Writing Direction and Pictorial Perspective Shape Gaze Dynamics Yasaman Farhangpour, Izabela Krejtz, Krzysztof Krejtz, Gabriela Puchala	ETRA	2
2026	The MultiplEYE Text Corpus: Towards a Diverse and Ever-Expanding Multilingual Text Corpus Ramune Kaspere, Anna Bondar, Sergiu Nisioi, Maja Stegenwallner-Schütz, Hanne B. Søndergaard Knudsen, Ana Matic Skoric, Eva Pavlinusic Vilus, Dorota Klimek-Jankowska, Chiara Tschirner, Not Battesta Soliva, Deborah N. Jakobi, Cui Ding, Dima Abu Romi, Cengiz Acartürk, Matilda Agdler, Anton Marius Alexandru, Mohd Faizan Ansari, Annalisa Arcidiacono, Elizabete Ausma Velta Barisa, Ana Bautista, Lisa Beinborn, Yevgeni Berzak, Nedeljka Bjelanovic, Anna Isabelle Bothmann, Jan Brasser, Caterina Cacioli, Anila Çepani, Ilze Ceple, Adelina Çerpja, Dalí Chirino, Jan Chromý, Alessandro Corona Mendozza, Iria de-Dios-Flores, Nazik Dinçtopal Deniz, Ana Dosen, Kristian Elersic, Inmaculada Fajardo, Zigmunds Freibergs, Angelina Ganebnaya, Jessica Gomes, Annjo Klungervik Greenall, Alba Haveriku, Anamaria Hodivoianu, Yu-Yin Hsu, Amanda Isaksen, Andreia Janeiro, Kristine M. Jensen de López, Aleksandar Jevremovic, Vojislav Jovanovic, Hanna Kedzierska, Nik Kharlamov, Sara Kosutar, Nelda Kote, Vanja Kovic, Izabela Krejtz, Thyra Krosness, Oleksandra Kuvshynova, Eilam Lavy, Ella Lion, Marta Lockiewicz, Kaidi Lõo, Paula Luegi, Mircea Mihai Marin, Clara Martin, Svitlana Matvieieva, Diane C. Mézière, Xavier Mínguez-López, Valeriia Modina, Jurgita Motiejuniene, Marie-Luise Müller, Tolgonai Nasipbek kyzy, Jamal Abdul Nasir, Johanne Sofie Krog Nedergård, Aysegül Özkan, Patrizia Paggio, Marijan Palmovic, Maria Christina Panagiotopoulou, Alberto Parola, Helena Pérez, Klaudia Petersen, Anja Podlesek, Eva Pospísilová, Marta Praulina, Mikulás Preininger, Loredana Punga, Diego Rossini, Spela Rot, Habib Sani Yahaya, Irina A. Sekerina, Anne Gabija Skadina, Jordi Solé i Casals, Lonneke van der Plas, Saara M. Varjopuro, Spyridoula Varlokosta, João Veríssimo, Oskari Juhapekka Virtanen, Nemanja Vracar, Mila Dimitrova-Vulchanova, Ahmad Mustapha Wali, Peizheng Wu, Nilgün Yücel, Stefan Frank, Nora Hollenstein, Lena A. Jäger, Somayeh Bakhtiari	LREC	57
2026	Relationship between Music Education and Attentional Control: Evidence from an Eye Tracking Study in Primary School Children abstract The present longitudinal quasi-experimental study examined the extent to which music education is related to the development of attentional control. Control of visual attention was examined with the use of an antisaccade task in an eye tracking study. Fifty primary school children (6–7 years old), 25 from music school matched on fluid intelligence with their peers from non-music primary school, performed the antisaccade task three times, at the beginning of school education, after 12 and 24 months. Their eye movements were recorded each time. Over time, attentional control increased in both groups. Music school children performed significantly better than general school children in antisaccadic trials. In line with the prediction, all students’ correct responses in the antisaccade task were faster over the time of education, supporting growth in their ability of attentional control. Yet this growth was significantly greater in music school children. Only music school children significantly decrease the latency of saccades toward the target in the correct antisaccade trials. No such trend was significant for children without music education. Finally, fluid intelligence increased over time in both groups. The present study demonstrated a relationship between systematic music education for the development of children’s attentional control. Agata Cybulska, Krzysztof Krejtz, Katarzyna Wisiecka, Andrew T. Duchowski, Izabela Krejtz	ACM Trans. Appl. Percept.	5
2025	Dynamics of Visual Attention in Novice Heavy-Machine Operators Filippo Baldisserotto, Izabela Krejtz, Katarzyna Bogucka, Zofia Maciag, Krzysztof Krejtz	ETRA	2
2025	MultiplEYE: Creating a multilingual eye-tracking-while-reading corpus abstract Contains fulltext : 326363.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Deborah N. Jakobi, Maja Stegenwallner-Schütz, Nora Hollenstein, Cui Ding, Ramune Kaspere, Ana Matic Skoric, Eva Pavlinusic Vilus, Stefan Frank, Marie-Luise Müller, Kristine M. Jensen de López, Nik Kharlamov, Hanne B. Søndergaard Knudsen, Yevgeni Berzak, Ella Lion, Irina A. Sekerina, Cengiz Acartürk, Mohd Faizan Ansari, Katarzyna Harezlak, Pawel Kasprowski, Ana Bautista, Lisa Beinborn, Anna Bondar, Antonia Boznou, Leah Bradshaw, Jana Mara Hofmann, Thyra Krosness, Not Battesta Soliva, Anila Çepani, Kristina Cergol, Ana Dosen, Marijan Palmovic, Adelina Çerpja, Dalí Chirino, Jan Chromý, Vera Demberg, Iza Skrjanec, Nazik Dinçtopal Deniz, Inmaculada Fajardo, Mariola Giménez-Salvador, Xavier Mínguez-López, Maros Filip, Zigmunds Freibergs, Jessica Gomes, Andreia Janeiro, Paula Luegi, João Veríssimo, Sasho Gramatikov, Jana Hasenäcker, Alba Haveriku, Nelda Kote, Muhammad Mohsin Kamal, Hanna Kedzierska, Dorota Klimek-Jankowska, Sara Kosutar, Daniel Krakowczyk, Izabela Krejtz, Marta Lockiewicz, Kaidi Lõo, Jurgita Motiejuniene, Jamal Abdul Nasir, Johanne Sofie Krog Nedergård, Aysegül Özkan, Mikulás Preininger, Loredana Punga, David R. Reich, Chiara Tschirner, Spela Rot, Andreas Säuberli, Jordi Solé i Casals, Ekaterina Strati, Igor Svoboda, Evis Trandafili, Spyridoula Varlokosta, Mila Dimitrova-Vulchanova, Lena A. Jäger	ETRA	56
2025	Real-Time Mobile Transition Matrix Entropy Based on Eye and Head Movements Krzysztof Krejtz, Chris J. Hughes, Iga Stasiak, Andrew T. Duchowski, Izabela Krejtz	ETRA	5
2025	Enhancing Climate Information Accessibility: the Influence of Gaze Cues abstract Climate change data is complex and difficult to interpret, which may hinder public participation in mitigation efforts. This study examines whether gaze cueing can enhance the accessibility of this information by directing visual attention in the climate information-based collaboration task. Twenty participants collaborated in groups of four on a climate-related task while wearing mobile eye trackers. In the experimental condition, participants received gaze cues in an instructional video before performing the task, the purpose of which was to choose the best strategy to mitigate climate change. Statistical analysis using the Levenshtein distance on scanpaths showed that gaze cues fostered attention synchronization. The findings suggest that gaze cues in groups effectively guide attention through complex climate information, which is the first step to its comprehension. Iga Stasiak, Krzysztof Krejtz, Birgit Kopainsky, Morten Fjeld, Izabela Krejtz	ETRA	5
2025	Aggregated Scanpath Analysis in Natural Settings. Comparison of Guided and Unguided Visual Attention over Architectural Artifacts Patryk Szczecinski, Krzysztof Krejtz, Zofia Maciag, Iga Stasiak, Aneta Pawlowska, Izabela Krejtz	ETRA	6
2025	Augmented Reality Eye Tracking for Tram Driver Simulator Training: Concept, Implementation, and Early Feedback abstract This paper presents a novel approach to visual attention training for novice tram drivers by combining a tram driving simulator with eye-tracking-enabled Augmented Reality (AR) glasses. Based on previous eye-tracking studies and interviews with tram driving instructors, we identified issues related to the attention distribution of novice drivers. That is, we found that driver field-of-view areas critical to tram-driving safety, are often neglected by novices. For instance, such areas enable drivers to check the right-side mirror before turning right. The training system proposed here aims to direct novice visual attention to critical areas by highlighting overlooked regions, displaying directional arrows, or providing auditory cues from the left or right side. Integration of real-time eye tracking into AR glasses supports continuous monitoring of trainee gaze patterns, offering instructors valuable information on trainee visual behavior. Such real-time data allows for dynamic adaptation of training cues, ensuring that visual attention guidance is both relevant and personalized. The proposed system has the potential to enhance situational awareness among tram drivers. Anna Warchol-Jakubowska, Adam Nowak, Andrzej Romanowski, Morten Fjeld, Izabela Krejtz, Krzysztof Krejtz	ETRA	5
2025	Cognitive Load and Oculometrics in the Educational Scenarios: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis abstract Cognitive Load Theory describes the concept of limited working memory capacity for information processing and cognitive tasks requiring mental effort. Cognitive load is affected by the difficulty levels involved in the learning process and mental tasks. The present meta-analysis examines the effect of difficulty levels in educational tasks based on cognitive load using fixation duration, number of fixations, and pupil dilation. The present study is based on 21 articles containing 34 comparisons between high and low cognitive load conditions in education settings. We evaluated Cohen's d for effect size, the I 2 statistic and Q-test to estimate heterogeneity, and Egger's regression test for publication bias. The heterogeneity of the experimental settings was relatively high, nevertheless, we observed meaningful differences in pupil metrics. Pupil dilation significantly increased in hard compared to easy task conditions ( d = 0.72, CI = 0.3672; 1.072, p -value < 0.0001), serving as an indicator of cognitive load level in various educational settings. Fixation duration and number of fixations did not differentiate between the easy and hard levels. Merve Ekin, Krzysztof Krejtz, Izabela Krejtz	Proc. ACM Hum. Comput. Interact.	3
2023	Towards Gaze-Led Audio Description in Accessibility System for Architectural Heritage: Evidence from an Eye-Tracking Study abstract The paper presents empirical evidence in how differently art history experts and non-experts scan images of architectural objects. The study is a work-in-progress on a ubiquitous system enhancing accessibility to architectural heritage for a broad audience with a special focus on the Blind and Visually Impaired (BVI). The system provides city navigation for BVI along with the location-based real-time information and Gaze-Led Audio Descriptions (GLAD) about architectural artefacts. Gaze visualizations of non-experts are used to guide professional audio describers in shaping more natural, gaze-led narratives. Izabela Krejtz, Aneta Pawlowska, Piotr Milczarski, Daria Rutkowska-Siuda, Artur Hlobaz, Anna Wendorff, Katarzyna Wisiecka, Anna Sniegula, Andrew T. Duchowski, Krzysztof Krejtz	ASSETS	1
2023	Impaired Inhibitory Control in Women Taking Anti-Androgenic Oral Contraceptives - Implications for Anxiety Melanie Kowalczyk, Monika Kornacka, Izabela Krejtz	CogSci	3
2023	A Review of Eye Tracking in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems: An Adaptive Multi-Modal Eye Tracking Interface Solution abstract Advanced driving assistance systems are a useful technology that helps improve driving safety. These systems provide the driver with multi-modal information about the driving performance, however, the interaction between the driver and these interfaces is complex and requires the systems to adapt to the requests of the driving task. The proposed solution address this challenge, presenting an overview of the literature on the subject, with the objective of proposing an adaptive multi-modal interface based on eye tracking monitoring. Filippo Baldisserotto, Krzysztof Krejtz, Izabela Krejtz	ETRA	3
2023	An irrelevant look of novice tram driver: Visual attention distribution of novice and expert tram drivers abstract The present study explores differences in attention distribution of tram drivers with different expertise while watching tram driving simulations. Forty-seven participants participated in this experiment in two groups (23 experts and 24 novices). The results show between-group differences in attention dynamics. In line with prediction, the novices concentrated more on the middle panel of the tram simulator related to speed control than the experts. The study is the first step in designing gaze-based training for novice tram drivers. Anna Warchol-Jakubowska, Izabela Krejtz, Krzysztof Krejtz	ETRA	2
2023	A Unified Look at Cultural Heritage: Comparison of Aggregated Scanpaths over Architectural Artifacts abstract The paper contributes to scanpath bundling methods. We propose an analytical approach for statistical comparisons of aggregated scanpath visualizations by means of second-order gaze analysis metrics. The present study explores differences in attention distribution and cognitive processing over architectural objects between architects, art historians, and non-experts. The results show between-group differences in attention dynamics of the aggregated scanpaths. The aggregated scanpaths of both expert groups were focal, while non-experts' scanpaths were ambient. Experts also paid more attention to and tended to remember better the architectural details and their location. The discussion explores the scalability of the proposed approach for Human-Computer Interaction and accessibility technologies designed to enhance the experience of cultural heritage. Krzysztof Krejtz, Patryk Szczecinski, Aneta Pawlowska, Daria Rutkowska-Siuda, Katarzyna Wisiecka, Piotr Milczarski, Artur Hlobaz, Andrew T. Duchowski, Izabela Krejtz	Proc. ACM Hum. Comput. Interact.	9
2023	Supporting Complex Decision-Making: Evidence from an Eye Tracking Study on In-Person and Remote Collaboration abstract This article examines the attentional mechanism of in-person collaboration by means of System Dynamics-based simulations using an eye tracking experiment. Three experimental conditions were tested: in-person collaboration, remote collaboration, and single user. We hypothesized that collaboration focuses users’ attention on key information facilitating decision-making. Collaborating participants dwelt longer on key elements of the simulation than single users. Moreover, in-person collaboration and single users yielded a strategy of decision-making similar to an optimal strategy. Finally, in-person collaboration was less cognitively demanding and of higher quality. The contribution of this article is a deeper understanding of how in-person collaboration on a large display can help users focus their visual attention on the most important areas. With this novel understanding, we believe collaborative systems designers will be better equipped to design more effective attention-guiding mechanisms in remote collaboration systems. The present work has the potential to advance the study of collaborative, interactive technologies. Katarzyna Wisiecka, Yuumi Konishi, Krzysztof Krejtz, Mahshid Zolfaghari, Birgit Kopainsky, Izabela Krejtz, Hideki Koike, Morten Fjeld	ACM Trans. Comput. Hum. Interact.	6
2022	Task Unrelated Thoughts (TUT) affecting mood in ecological settings: from adaptive mind-wandering to maladaptive rumination Monika Kornacka, Thierry Atzeni, Izabela Krejtz, Catherine Bortolon, Celine Baeyens	CogSci	3
2022	Measuring Cognitive Effort with Pupillary Activity and Fixational Eye Movements When Reading: Longitudinal Comparison of Children With and Without Primary Music Education abstract This article evaluates the Low/High Index of Pupillary Activity (LHIPA), a measure of cognitive effort based on pupil response, in the context of reading. At the beginning of 2nd and 3rd grade, 107 children (8-9 y.o.) from music and general primary school were asked to read 40 sentences with keywords differing in length and frequency while their eye movements were recorded. Sentences with low frequency or long keywords received more attention than sentences with high frequent or short keywords. The word frequency and length effects were more pronounced in younger children. At the 2nd grade, music children dwelt less on sentences with short frequent keywords than on sentences with long frequent keywords. As expected LHIPA decreased over sentences with low frequency short keywords suggesting more cognitive effort at earlier stages of reading ability. This finding shows the utility of LHIPA as a measure of cognitive effort in education. Agata Rodziewicz-Cybulska, Krzysztof Krejtz, Andrew T. Duchowski, Izabela Krejtz	ETRA	4
2022	Comparison of Webcam and Remote Eye Tracking abstract We compare the measurement error and validity of webcam-based eye tracking to that of a remote eye tracker as well as software integration of both. We ran a study with n = 83 participants, consisting of a point detection task and an emotional visual search task under three between-subjects experimental conditions (webcam-based, remote, and integrated). We analyzed location-based (e.g., fixations) and process-based eye tracking metrics (ambient-focal attention dynamics). Despite higher measurement error of webcam eye tracking, our results in all three experimental conditions were in line with theoretical expectations. For example, time to first fixation toward happy faces was significantly shorter than toward sad faces (the happiness-superiority effect). As expected, we also observed the switch from ambient to focal attention depending on complexity of the visual stimuli. We conclude that webcam-based eye tracking is a viable, low-cost alternative to remote eye tracking. Katarzyna Wisiecka, Krzysztof Krejtz, Izabela Krejtz, Damian Sromek, Adam Cellary, Beata Lewandowska, Andrew T. Duchowski	ETRA	3
2022	Toward a Real-Time Index of Pupillary Activity as an Indicator of Cognitive Load abstract The Low/High Index of Pupillary Activity (LHIPA), an eye-tracked measure of pupil diameter oscillation, is redesigned and implemented to function in real-time. The novel Real-time IPA (RIPA) is shown to discriminate cognitive load in re-streamed data from earlier experiments. Rationale for the RIPA is tied to the functioning of the human autonomic nervous system yielding a hybrid measure based on the ratio of Low/High frequencies of pupil oscillation. The paper's contribution is drawn from provision of documentation of the calculation of the RIPA. As with the LHIPA, it is possible for researchers to apply this metric to their own experiments where a measure of cognitive load is of interest. Gavindya Jayawardena, Yasith Jayawardana, Sampath Jayarathna, Jonas Högström, Thomas Papa, Deepak Akkil, Andrew T. Duchowski, Vsevolod Peysakhovich, Izabela Krejtz, Nina A. Gehrer, Krzysztof Krejtz	KES	9
2018	The Index of Pupillary Activity: Measuring Cognitive Load vis-à-vis Task Difficulty with Pupil Oscillation abstract A novel eye-tracked measure of the frequency of pupil diameter oscillation is proposed for capturing what is thought to be an indicator of cognitive load. The proposed metric, termed the Index of Pupillary Activity, is shown to discriminate task difficulty vis-a-vis cognitive load (if the implied causality can be assumed) in an experiment where participants performed easy and difficult mental arithmetic tasks while fixating a central target (a requirement for replication of prior work). The paper's contribution is twofold: full documentation is provided for the calculation of the proposed measurement which can be considered as an alternative to the existing proprietary Index of Cognitive Activity (ICA). Thus, it is possible for researchers to replicate the experiment and build their own software which implements this measurement. Second, several aspects of the ICA are approached in a more data-sensitive way with the goal of improving the measurement's performance. Andrew T. Duchowski, Krzysztof Krejtz, Izabela Krejtz, Cezary Biele, Anna Niedzielska, Peter Kiefer, Martin Raubal, Ioannis Giannopoulos	CHI	3
2018	Dynamics of emotional facial expression recognition in individuals with social anxiety abstract This paper demonstrates the utility of ambient-focal attention and pupil dilation dynamics to describe visual processing of emotional facial expressions. Pupil dilation and focal eye movements reflect deeper cognitive processing and thus shed more light on the dynamics of emotional expression recognition. Socially anxious individuals (N = 24) and non-anxious controls (N = 24) were asked to recognize emotional facial expressions that gradually morphed from a neutral expression to one of happiness, sadness, or anger in 10-sec animations. Anxious cohorts exhibited more ambient face scanning than their non-anxious counterparts. We observed a positive relationship between focal fixations and pupil dilation, indicating deeper processing of viewed faces, but only by non-anxious participants, and only during the last phase of emotion recognition. Group differences in the dynamics of ambient-focal attention support the hypothesis of vigilance to emotional expression processing by socially anxious individuals. We discuss the results by referring to current literature on cognitive psychopathology. Krzysztof Krejtz, Katarzyna Wisiecka, Izabela Krejtz, Pawel Holas, Michal Olszanowski, Andrew T. Duchowski	ETRA	3
2016	Discerning Ambient/Focal Attention with Coefficient K abstract We introduce coefficient K , defined on a novel parametric scale, derived from processing a traditionally eye-tracked time course of eye movements. Positive and negative ordinates of K indicate focal or ambient viewing, respectively, while the abscissa serves to indicate time, so that K acts as a dynamic indicator of fluctuation between ambient/focal visual behavior. The coefficient indicates the difference between fixation duration and its subsequent saccade amplitude expressed in standard deviation units, facilitating parametric statistical testing. To validate K empirically, we test its utility by capturing ambient and focal attention during serial and parallel visual search tasks (Study 1). We then show how K quantitatively depicts the difference in scanning behaviors when attention is guided by audio description during perception of art (Study 2). Krzysztof Krejtz, Andrew T. Duchowski, Izabela Krejtz, Agnieszka Szarkowska, Agata Kopacz	ACM Trans. Appl. Percept.	3
2015	Gaze Transition Entropy abstract This article details a two-step method of quantifying eye movement transitions between areas of interest (AOIs). First, individuals' gaze switching patterns, represented by fixated AOI sequences, are modeled as Markov chains. Second, Shannon's entropy coefficient of the fit Markov model is computed to quantify the complexity of individual switching patterns. To determine the overall distribution of attention over AOIs, the entropy coefficient of individuals' stationary distribution of fixations is calculated. The novelty of the method is that it captures the variability of individual differences in eye movement characteristics, which are then summarized statistically. The method is demonstrated on gaze data collected from two studies, during free viewing of classical art paintings. Normalized Shannon's entropy, derived from individual transition matrices, is related to participants' individual differences as well as to either their aesthetic impression or recognition of artwork. Low transition and high stationary entropies suggest greater curiosity mixed with a higher subjective aesthetic affinity toward artwork, possibly indicative of visual scanning of the artwork in a more deliberate way. Meanwhile, both high transition and stationary entropies may be indicative of recognition of familiar artwork. Krzysztof Krejtz, Andrew T. Duchowski, Tomasz Szmidt, Izabela Krejtz, Fernando González Perilli, Ana Cristina Pires 0001, Anna Vilaro, Natalia Villalobos	ACM Trans. Appl. Percept.	4
2014	Reducing visual discomfort of 3D stereoscopic displays with gaze-contingent depth-of-field abstract We report on an experiment testing gaze-contingent depth-of-field (DOF) for the reduction of visual discomfort when viewing stereoscopic displays. Subjective results are compelling, showing, we believe for the first time, that gaze-contingent depth-of-field significantly reduces visual discomfort. When individual stereoacuity is taken into account, objective measurements of gaze vergence corroborate previous reports, showing significant bias toward the zero depth plane, where error is smallest. As with earlier similar attempts, participants expressed a dislike toward gaze-contingent DOF. Although not statistically significant, this dislike is likely attributed to the eye tracker's spatial inaccuracy as well as the DOF simulation's noticeable temporal lag. Andrew T. Duchowski, Donald H. House, Jordan Gestring, Rui I. Wang, Krzysztof Krejtz, Izabela Krejtz, Radoslaw Mantiuk, Bartosz Bazyluk	SAP	6
2014	Comparing estimated gaze depth in virtual and physical environments abstract We show that the error in 3D gaze depth (vergence) estimated from binocularly-tracked gaze disparity is related to the viewing distance of the screen calibration plane at which 2D gaze is recorded. In a stereoscopic (virtual) environment, this relationship is evident in gaze to target depth error: vergence error behind the screen is greater than in front of the screen and is lowest at the screen depth. In a physical environment, with no accommodation-vergence conflict, the magnitude of vergence error in front of the 2D calibration plane appears reversed, increasing with distance from the viewer. Andrew T. Duchowski, Donald H. House, Jordan Gestring, Robert Congdon, Lech Swirski, Neil A. Dodgson, Krzysztof Krejtz, Izabela Krejtz	ETRA	8
2014	Entropy-based statistical analysis of eye movement transitions abstract The paper introduces a two-step method of quantifying eye movement transitions between Areas of Interests (AOIs). First, individuals' gaze switching patterns, represented by fixated AOI sequences, are modeled as Markov chains. Second, Shannon's entropy coefficient of the fit Markov model is computed to quantify the complexity of individual switching patterns. To determine the overall distribution of attention over AOIs, the entropy coefficient of individuals' stationary distribution of fixations is calculated. Krzysztof Krejtz, Tomasz Szmidt, Andrew T. Duchowski, Izabela Krejtz	ETRA	4
2012	Multimodal learning with audio description: an eye tracking study of children's gaze during a visual recognition task abstract The paper explores the effects of adding audio description to an educational film on children's learning behaviour, manifested by a visual recognition task. We hypothesize that the multimodal educational setting, consisting of both verbal (film dialogue and audio description) and non-verbal (motion pictures) representations of knowledge, fosters knowledge acquisition as it provides information via multiple channels, which in turn strengthens memory retrieval. In the study we employ eye tracking methodology to examine the recognition of previously seen film material, testing whether audio description promotes recognition- rather than elimination-based decision-making in the visual recognition task. The analysis of first fixation duration and first run fixation count measures in the experimental and control groups partially confirmed our hypotheses. Children in the experimental group generally looked longer at the scenes they had seen, which supports the hypothesis that their decision was based on recognition, whereas children in the control group had longer fixations on scenes they were unfamiliar with, suggesting a decision based on elimination. Krzysztof Krejtz, Izabela Krejtz, Andrew T. Duchowski, Agnieszka Szarkowska, Agnieszka Walczak	SAP	2
2012	Audio description as an aural guide of children's visual attention: evidence from an eye-tracking study abstract Audio description (AD) has become a cultural revolution for the visually impaired; however, the range of AD beneficiaries can be much broader. We claim that AD is useful for guiding children's attention. The paper presents an eye-tracking study testing the usefulness of AD in selective attention to described elements of a video scene. Forty-four children watched 2 clips from an educational animation series while their eye movements were recorded. Average fixation duration, fixation count, and saccade amplitude served as primary dependent variables. The results confirmed that AD guides children's attention towards described objects resulting e. g., in more fixations on specific regions of interest. We also evaluated eye movement patterns in terms of switching between focal and ambient processing. We postulate that audio description could complement regular teaching tools for guiding and focusing children's attention, especially when new concepts are introduced. Izabela Krejtz, Agnieszka Szarkowska, Krzysztof Krejtz, Agnieszka Walczak, Andrew T. Duchowski	ETRA	1