Elementary motion detectors are biologically motivated motion detectors based on a visual processing model of insects. Due to their low computational costs in estimating motion vectors, they can realize real time motion detection algorithms. In order to obtain good estimation results, however, it is necessary to set up parameters configuring these detectors properly. This paper proposes a real time algorithm to optimize such parameters. The algorithm has been implemented in a hardware system with an FGPA device and a CMOS camera module. It has been found that parameters can be dynamically adapted in real time to improve estimation results.

This paper presents a DNA spot extraction algorithm by grayscale range quantization and measuring morphological features or a shape index of DNA spot candidate regions. Due to fuzzy boundaries of DNA spots and intensity variations of background regions in RLGS profile images, extracting DNA spots is a very challenging task. The developed algorithm first obtains DNA spot candidate regions by quantizing the intensity values of a RLGS profile image. The following elimination process of false DNA spots is done by computing and thresholding the shape index.

This paper presents a new and fast segmentation algorithm, capable of incorporating expert's knowledge and expertise in a straightforward manner, to detect DNA spots in a restriction landmark genomic scanning (RLGS) profile. A RLGS profile is a gray scale image obtained in a X-ray film containing hundreds of dark spots corresponding to certain DNA fragments labeled by radioactive markers. Extracting these DNA spots is a very challenging task due to their fuzzy boundaries against noisy background regions having non-uniform intensity variations. The proposed algorithm, utilizing a support vector machine, is found to be successful to detect and extract DNA spots in a RLGS profile.

The paper describes scalable coding schemes which use DCT and motion compensated interframe prediction. In the scalable coding, a lower resolution picture can be obtained by decoding only a partial bitstream, while a full resolution picture is obtained by decoding the total bitstream. Two types of scalable coding scheme are studied. In the first type (schemes A), an input picture is first decomposed by DCT, then MC prediction coding is carried out in the DCT picture domain. In the second type (scheme B), MC prediction is first carried out in the full resolution picture and then DCT decomposition is performed for the prediction difference picture. The coding performance of these two schemes was estimated by computer simulation experiments. A performance comparison between scalable and non-scalable coding schemes was also carried out. The experimental results have demonstrated that scheme B is superior to schemes A.

Techniques are introduced to solve two problems caused by the wide bandwidth of HDTV signals. One problem is that HDTV signals have more random noise than conventional TV signals, which causes coding efficiency degradation. The other is that very high sampling frequencies are required, which restricts the hardware implementation of the coding algorithm. To solve the first problem, it is proposed to use a spatio-temporal adaptive filter that can reduce random noise and improve coding efficiency. With regard to the second problem, an extrapolative and interpolative coding algorithm with adaptive intrafield/interframe prediction is presented. This algorithm eliminates the problem caused by the high sampling frequencies and provides efficient coding performance. A computer simulation is carried out to estimate the coding performance. Based on the simulation results, experimental coder hardware was implemented for 1125-line/60 Hz HDTV signals in order to evaluate real-time coding performance. The experimental results show that this coding method can provide good picture quality at around 90 or 135 Mb/s, and that HDTV digital transmission is very promising at the broadband ISDN H/sub 4/ rate.>

A component separation DPCM Coding system is described which is capable of transmitting a 4 MHz NTSC color TV signal with broadcast quality at a 32.064 Mbit/s rate. The input NTSC color TV signal is first separated into a luminance componentYand two chrominance componentsIandQ. Then, these three components are converted into a TDM-PCM color signal, whereIandQof only odd lines are transmitted and samples in horizontal blanking intervals ofY,I,andQare removed, in order to reduce the transmission rate. This TDM-PCM signal is encoded by a single DPCM coder, which employs a two-dimensional prediction method and a dual word-length coding method. For theYsignal, 4 bit and 8 bit code words are assigned to 29 quantizing levels. For bothIandQsignals, 3 bit and 6 bit code words are assigned to 13 quantizing levels. Coding experiment results show that this coding system is promising for application to broadcast color TV signal transmission at a 32.064 Mbit/s rate.

A composite DPCM coding System was developed, which is capable of coding and transmitting an NTSC color TV signal without component separation at a 32.064 Mbit/s rate. The DPCM prediction method used is based on the algorithm that a luminance component prediction value\hat{y}and a carrier chrominance component prediction value\hat{c}are calculated individually, and then the composite signal prediction value\hat{x}is determined by\hat{x} = \hat{y} + hat{c}. In order to utilize horizontal blanking (HBL) intervals for transmitting active video signals,HBL signals are not transmitted in each line but their representative signals are transmitted once a frame during a vertical blanking interval. A dual word-length coding and quantizing method is adopted, which uses 4 bit and 8 bit words with average word-lengths of 4.4 bits/sample. Codec equipment was fabricated, and coding and transmitting experiments were conducted, using NTT's PCM-100 M digital repeatered line. Experimental results show that this composite DPCM coding system can be employed for digital transmission of NTSC color TV signals, such as color ITV signals, at a 32.064 Mbit/s rate.