Visual prompt, a pair of before-and-after edited images, can convey indescribable imagery transformations and prosper in image editing. However, current visual prompt methods rely on a pretrained text-guided image-to-image generative model that requires a triplet of text, before, and after images for retraining over a text-to-image model. Such crafting triplets and retraining processes limit the scalability and generalization of editing. In this paper, we present a framework based on any single text-to-image model without reliance on the explicit image-to-image model thus enhancing the generalizability and scalability. Specifically, by leveraging the probability-flow ordinary equation, we construct a diffusion bridge to transfer the distribution between before-and-after images under the text guidance. By optimizing the text via the bridge, the framework adaptively textualizes the editing transformation conveyed by visual prompts into text embeddings without other models. Meanwhile, we introduce differential attention control during optimization, which disentangles the text embedding from the invariance of the before-and-after images and makes it solely capture the delicate transformation and generalize to edit various images. Experiments on real images validate competitive results on the generalization, contextual coherence, and high fidelity for delicate editing with just one image pair as the visual prompt.

Leveraging the large generative prior of the flow transformer for tuning-free image editing requires authentic inversion to project the image into the model’s domain and a flexible invariance control mechanism to preserve non-target contents. However, the prevailing diffusion inversion performs deficiently in flow-based models, and the invariance control cannot reconcile diverse rigid and non-rigid editing tasks. To address these, we systematically analyze the inversion and invariance control based on the flow transformer. Specifically, we unveil that the Euler inversion shares a similar structure to DDIM yet is more susceptible to the approximation error. Thus, we propose a two-stage inversion to first refine the velocity estimation and then compensate for the leftover error, which pivots closely to the model prior and benefits editing. Meanwhile, we propose the invariance control that manipulates the text features within the adaptive layer normalization, connecting the changes in the text prompt to image semantics. This mechanism can simultaneously preserve the non-target contents while allowing rigid and non-rigid manipulation, enabling a wide range of editing types such as visual text, quantity, facial expression, etc. Experiments on versatile scenarios validate that our framework achieves flexible and accurate editing, unlocking the potential of the flow transformer for versatile image editing. Project Page is here.

Recent source-free domain adaptation (SFDA) methods have focused on learning meaningful cluster structures in feature space, successfully adapting the knowledge from the source domain to the unlabeled target domain without accessing the private source data. However, existing methods rely on pseudo-labels generated by source models that can be noisy due to domain shift, presenting a significant challenge to their efficacy. In this paper, we study SFDA from the perspective of learning with label noise (LLN) and prove that the label noise in SFDA, unlike in conventional LLN scenarios, follows a different distribution assumption. This discrepancy renders some existing LLN methods less effective in SFDA. To address this issue and comprehensively improve adaptation performance, we tackle label noise in SFDA from two perspectives. First, we demonstrate that the early-time training phenomenon (ETP), previously observed in LLN settings, still exists in SFDA. Hence, we introduce a simple yet effective approach to leveraging ETP to improve current SFDA algorithms. Second, we propose a noise and variance control module, mitigating the label noise discrepancy between SFDA and LLN and enhancing the effectiveness of LLN methods in SFDA. Extensive empirical evaluation and analysis of four benchmarks show that our methods substantially outperform existing baselines.

Current methods of blended targets domain adaptation (BTDA) usually infer or consider domain label information but underemphasize hybrid categorical feature structures of targets, which yields limited performance, especially under the label distribution shift. We demonstrate that domain labels are not directly necessary for BTDA if categorical distributions of various domains are sufficiently aligned even facing the imbalance of domains and the label distribution shift of classes. However, we observe that the cluster assumption in BTDA does not comprehensively hold. The hybrid categorical feature space hinders the modeling of categorical distributions and the generation of reliable pseudo labels for categorical alignment. To address these, we propose a categorical domain discriminator guided by uncertainty to explicitly model and directly align categorical distributions P(Z|Y). Simultaneously, we utilize the low-level features to augment the single source features with diverse target styles to rectify the biased classifier P(Y|Z) among diverse targets. Such a mutual conditional alignment of P(Z|Y) and P(Y|Z) forms a mutual reinforced mechanism. Our approach outperforms the state-of-the-art in BTDA even compared with methods utilizing domain labels, especially under the label distribution shift, and in single target DA on DomainNet.