Context Business Process Management (BPM) plays a central role in helping organizations improve efficiency and service delivery, particularly in environments with rising demands and limited resources. Within this field, Business Process Redesign (BPR) has emerged as a way to rethink and restructure processes in response to continuous change. However, many existing BPR methodologies fall short—they lack methodological rigor and are often too narrowly tailored to specific industries or use cases. Objectives This study explores whether BPR methodologies are both systematically structured and broadly applicable across domains. It addresses three key questions: whether current approaches are methodologically grounded, whether they can be applied across diverse contexts, and what core elements are necessary to support both structure and generalizability in BPR design. Methods A systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted, applying an eight-step protocol to assess sixty-four primary BPR methodologies drawn from academic databases. Each methodology was evaluated against two sets of criteria: five indicators of systematic design (e.g., defined phases, interdependencies, evaluation checkpoints), and five indicators of generalizability (e.g., cross-domain adaptability, notation flexibility, heuristic support). A concept-centric synthesis was used to analyze the findings. Results Of the methodologies reviewed, thirty-eight demonstrated systematic features, while only eight met broader applicability standards. Only one methodology satisfied all ten criteria, revealing a notable gap in the field and a need for more balanced, reusable frameworks. Conclusion The study highlights a significant gap in the current BPR methodologies and presents the BPR Application Framework —a structured yet adaptable methodology that combines phase-based design with heuristic integration and notation-aware modeling. Compared with established references like BPM CBOK and Lean Six Sigma, it offers a clearer, more actionable path for practitioners and researchers seeking both rigor and flexibility in BPR.

The advancements in computer systems and networks have created a new environment for criminal acts, widely known as cybercrime. Cybercrime incidents are occurrences of particular criminal offences that pose a serious threat to the global economy, safety, and well-being of society. This paper offers a comprehensive understanding of cybercrime incidents and their corresponding offences combining a series of approaches reported in relevant literature. Initially, this paper reviews and identifies the features of cybercrime incidents, their respective elements and proposes a combinatorial incident description schema. The schema provides the opportunity to systematically combine various elements-or cybercrime characteristics. Additionally, a comprehensive list of cybercrime-related offences is put forward. The offences are ordered in a two-level classification system based on specific criteria to assist in better classification and correlation of their respective incidents. This enables a thorough understanding of the repeating and underlying criminal activities. The proposed system can serve as a common reference overtaking obstacles deriving from misconceptions for cybercrimes with cross-border activities. The proposed schema can be extended with a list of recommended actions, corresponding measures and effective policies that match with the offence type and subsequently with a particular incident. This matching will enable better monitoring, handling and moderate cybercrime incident occurrences. The ultimate objective is to incorporate the schema-based description of cybercrime elements to a complete incident management system with standard operating procedures and protocols.

Multiple studies and surveys focus on specific cybercrime characteristics or develop classification models that do not adequately address the complexity of this contemporary type of crime. This study proposes a comprehensive approach towards cybercrime interpretation and action recommendation through a proposed framework that provides three separate and complementary views to achieve a comprehensive perspective that leads to actionable recommendations. The framework's view I identifies the features of a cybercrime incident and their corresponding elements generating a textual schema-based description that can accommodate existing and new instances of cybercrime. The second view introduces an up-to-date cybercrime-related offence classification system through consolidation and elaboration of existing approaches and leads to a visual extension of schema-based incident description that depicts the interrelations of the various cybercrime elements towards a particular type of offence. View III identifies and interconnects the relevant stakeholders with preventive and response actions and measures. The proposed framework extends previous published work on the theoretical foundation of this multi-faceted domain, and demonstrates that the necessity of a comprehensive approach towards cybercrime can be actualized through different steps with each one designated towards a different perspective.

This paper discusses the problem of business process optimization within a multi-objective evolutionary framework. Business process optimization (BPO) is considered as the problem of constructing feasible business process designs with optimum attribute values such as duration and cost. The proposed approach involves a pre-processing stage and the application of a series of Evolutionary Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithms (EMOAs) in an attempt to generate a series of diverse optimized business process designs for the same process requirements. The proposed optimization framework introduces a quantitative representation of business processes involving two matrices one for capturing the process design and one for calculating and evaluating the process attributes. It also introduces an algorithm that checks the feasibility of each candidate solution (i.e. process design). The work presented in this paper is aimed to investigate the benefits that come from the utilization of a pre-processing stage in the execution process of the EMOAs. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed optimization framework is capable of producing a satisfactory number of optimized design alternatives considering the problem complexity and high rate of infeasibility. The addition of the pre-processing stage appears to have a positive effect on the framework by producing more non-dominated solutions in reduced time frames.

This paper discusses the problem of business process design and attribute optimization within a multi-objective evolutionary framework. Business process design and attribute optimization is considered as the problem of constructing feasible business process designs with optimum attribute values such as duration and cost. The feasibility of a process design is based on: (i) the process requirements such as the required input and the expected output resources and (ii) the connectivity of the participating tasks in the process design through their input and output resources. The proposed approach involves the application of the evolutionary multi objective optimization algorithm (EMOOA) non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA2) in an attempt to generate a series of diverse optimized business process designs for the same process requirements. The proposed optimization framework introduces a quantitative representation of business processes involving two matrices one for capturing the process design and one for calculating and evaluating the process attributes. It also introduces an algorithm that checks the feasibility of each candidate solution (Le. process design). The results demonstrate that for a variety of experimental problems NSGA2 produces a satisfactory number of optimized design alternatives considering the problem complexity and high rate of infeasibility.

This paper presents the concept of the evaluation line - a posteriori preference articulation approach for evaluating Pareto-optimal solutions using high level preference criteria. The evaluation line is an approach based on analytical geometry. It is sketched using a weighted function that prioritizes the different objectives by assigning unique weights. It then evaluates each Pareto-optimal solution based on its point-line distance from the line. Based on its function, the evaluation line leans appropriately to demonstrate preference towards one or more objectives and its function is extended to the n-objective space. The evaluation line is compared with the classical weighted sum approach. The comparison demonstrates the relativity of the two approaches but also highlights the strength of the evaluation line in the cases of non convex Pareto-optimal fronts.

There is an abundance of business process modeling techniques that capture and address different aspects of a business process. A limited number of these process models allow further quantitative analysis, and only a few enable structured process improvement. This paper reviews and classifies the main techniques for business process modeling with regard to their analysis and optimization capabilities. Three primary groups are identified, and a selection of representative business process modeling techniques is classified based on these. Similar classification is also presented for the analysis and optimization approaches for business processes that were identified in relevant literature. The main contribution of the paper is that it identifies which types of business process models are suitable for analysis and optimization, and also highlights the lack of such approaches. This paper offers a state-of-the-art review in the areas of business process modeling, analysis, and optimization-underlining that the latter two have not received enough coverage and support in the literature.

Business process optimization has received little coverage compared to business process modeling and analysis techniques. This paper introduces composite business process models, i.e. conceptual business processes with tasks that each has its own library of alternatives. This paper formulates an optimization problem based on this concept. A series of experiments is designed to address processes of various sizes in terms of participating tasks and libraries of alternatives. Evolutionary algorithms such as NSGA2, SPEA2 and MOPSO attempt to generate optimum solutions to a bi-objective and tri- objective problem formulation. The results show that SPEA2 performs better in the bi-objective problem, while NSGA2 has a clear advantage in the tri-objective problem, although both provide good solutions in all instances. This paper attempts to establish a viewpoint regarding business processes that will provoke and encourage further optimization attempts in this area.

Most of the current attempts for business process optimisation are manual without involving any formal automated methodology. This paper proposes a framework for multi-objective optimisation of business processes. The framework uses a generic business process model that is formally defined and specifies process cost and duration as objective functions. The business process model is programmed and incorporated into a software platform where a selection of multi-objective optimisation algorithms is applied to five test problems. The test problems are business process designs of varying complexities and are optimised with three popular optimisation techniques (NSGA2, SPEA2 and MOPSO algorithms). The results indicate that although the business process optimisation is a highly constrained problem with fragmented search space, multi-objective optimisation algorithms such as NSGA2 and SPEA2 produce a satisfactory number of alternative optimised business processes. However, the performance of the optimisation algorithms drops sharply with even a slight increase in problem complexity. This paper also discusses the directions for future research in this area.