The Large Language Model (LLM) watermark is a newly emerging technique that shows promise in addressing concerns surrounding LLM copyright, monitoring AI-generated text, and preventing its misuse. The LLM watermark scheme commonly includes generating secret keys to partition the vocabulary into green and red lists, applying a perturbation to the logits of tokens in the green list to increase their sampling likelihood, thus facilitating watermark detection to identify AI-generated text if the proportion of green tokens exceeds a threshold. However, recent research indicates that watermarking methods using numerous keys are susceptible to removal attacks, such as token editing, synonym substitution, and paraphrasing, with robustness declining as the number of keys increases. Therefore, the state-of-the-art watermark schemes that employ fewer or single keys have been demonstrated to be more robust against text editing and paraphrasing. In this paper, we propose a novel green list stealing attack against the state-of-the-art LLM watermark scheme and systematically examine its vulnerability to this attack. We formalize the attack as a mixed integer programming problem with constraints. We evaluate our attack under a comprehensive threat model, including an extreme scenario where the attacker has no prior knowledge, lacks access to the watermark detector API, and possesses no information about the LLM’s parameter settings or watermark injection/detection scheme. Extensive experiments on LLMs, such as OPT and LLaMA, demonstrate that our attack can successfully steal the green list and remove the watermark across all settings.

Cyber threats have risen as a result of the growing usage of the Internet. Organizations must have effective cybersecurity policies in place to respond to escalating cyber threats. Individual users and corporations are not the only ones who are affected by cyber-attacks; national security is also a serious concern. Different nations' cybersecurity rules make it simpler for cybercriminals to carry out damaging actions while making it tougher for governments to track them down. Hence, a comprehensive cybersecurity policy is needed to enable governments to take a proactive approach to all types of cyber threats. This study investigates cybersecurity regulations and attributes used in seven nations in an attempt to fill this research gap. This paper identified fourteen common cybersecurity attributes such as telecommunication, network, Cloud computing, online banking, E-commerce, identity theft, privacy, and smart grid. Some nations seemed to focus, based on the study of key available policies, on certain cybersecurity attributes more than others. For example, the USA has scored the highest in terms of online banking policy, but Canada has scored the highest in terms of E-commerce and spam policies. Identifying the common policies across several nations may assist academics and policymakers in developing cybersecurity policies. A survey of other nations' cybersecurity policies might be included in the future research.

Copyright © 2019 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved There is a growing interest in the use of Internet of Things (IoT) in information systems (IS). Data or information governance is a critical component of IoT enabled digital IS ecosystem. There is insufficient guidance available on how to effectively establish data governance for IoT enabled digital IS ecosystem. The introduction of new regulations related to privacy such as General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) as well as existing regulations such as Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA) has added complexity to this issue of data governance. This could possibly hinder the effective IoT adoption in healthcare digital IS ecosystem. This paper enhances the 4I framework, which is iteratively developed and updated using the design science research (DSR) method to address this pressing need for organizations to have a robust governance model to provide the coverage across the entire data lifecycle in IoT-enabled digital IS ecosystem. The 4I framework has four major phases: Identify, Insulate, Inspect and Improve. The application of this framework is demonstrated with the help of a Healthcare case study. It is anticipated that the proposed framework can help the practitioners to identify, insulate, inspect and improve governance of data in IoT enabled digital IS ecosystem.

Managing communication in collaborative global software development (GSD) projects is both critical and challenging. While social computing has received much attention from practitioners, social computing adoption is still an emerging research area in GSD. This research paper provides a review of the academic research in social computing and identifies motivators for adopting social computing in the GSD context. We applied the systematic literature review (SLR) and questionnaire survey with 35 software industry experts to address the research objective. Firstly, we implemented a formal SLR approach and identified an initial set of social computing adoption motivators. Secondly, a questionnaire survey was developed based on the SLR and was tested by means of a pilot study. The findings of this combined SLR and questionnaire survey indicate that real-time communication and coordination, knowledge acquisition, expert feedback, and information sharing are the key factors that motivate social computing adoption in GSD projects. The results of t test (ie, t = .558, P = .589) show that there is no significant difference between the findings of SLR and questionnaire. The results of this study suggest the need for developing social computing strategies and policies to guide the strategic adoption of social computing tools in GSD projects.

Organisations have shown a significant interest in the adoption of cloud computing environment for managing the needs of their complex adaptive business and system environments. While many organisations are interested in adopting a cloud computing environment suitable to their local circumstances, there is little guidance available on how to do so. This paper proposes the development and application of a context-aware cloud adoption (CACA) framework by using an iterative constructive development process. This framework, whilst still under development, may be useful in assisting organisations to develop self awareness of cloud issues, while at the same time being able to assess, select, adopt and improve an appropriate cloud computing environment for their business by obtaining, modeling, processing and managing contextual information for their economic and competitive advantage. This paper presents a position i.e. argues for a certain view of cloud computing, and conceptualizes this position via a framework based on an initial empirical study, which looked at complex event processing, context-awareness and self-adaptation approaches for the cloud adoption and improvement. This paper presents our ongoing research in this emerging area of cloud computing and investigates how businesses can best deal with the challenge of context-aware cloud adoption and improvement.

Financial services organisations have shown a significant interest in the adoption of emerging cloud, mobile, social networks and green computing environments for managing the needs of their complex business processes and systems. How will these emerging technologies affect and be embraced by financial services organizations in practice? This paper presents empirical exploratory research on the applicability of emerging cloud, mobile, social and green technologies in these organizations. We investigate how these emerging technologies will affect the IT strategy and enterprise architecture of the financial services organisations by analyzing recent interviews of fifteen senior technology executives and CIOs from this sector. The outcomes of this study suggest that the sector perceives these emerging technologies both as a challenge and opportunity for their businesses. In order to meet their business objectives they do, however, require a phased, systematic, people-oriented, business-focused and low risk approach that combines both business and technology impacts to the assessment, selection, consolidation and adoption of these technologies for specific business services without putting their customers' information at risk.

Several frameworks have been proposed in Requirements Engineering (RE) discipline that use goal-oriented approach to model the concept of strategic alignment. Understanding the concept of strategic alignment from the perspective of Management Information Systems (MIS) discipline and evaluating goal-oriented approaches in the context of strategic alignment appear to be the fundamental weakness in the RE frameworks that claim to model strategic alignment. In this research we developed a list of constructs by analysing the concept of strategic alignment embedded in strategy map which is one of the widely used frameworks to develop strategic alignment in MIS discipline. In this regard we analysed details of a case study conducted to develop strategic alignment. Against the identified list of constructs we evaluated five well-known goal-oriented approaches and presented their level of effectiveness to model the concept of strategic alignment.

While many organisations are interested in adopting agile methods suitable to their local circumstances, there is little guidance available on how to do so. To address this important issue, we have developed an agile software process lifecycle management framework (APLM). The APLM framework is intended for use by agile coaches, managers and consultants to facilitate the integration of agile practices into both software project development environments. This paper presents the outcomes of an empirical evaluation of the APLM framework that has been conducted by involving a practitioners' group composed of fourteen experienced agile experts from industry. The main objective of this empirical study is to determine to what extent each component of the agile process lifecycle management (APLM) framework is relevant, valuable and sufficient to achieve its purpose from an industry practitioner's perspective.

Introducing a change in any software development organization is challenging; as this paper demonstrates by means of a case study for the adoption of agile practices in a large software development organization. The case study research findings indicate that a situational method engineering approach together with an agile software solution framework (ASSF) can be used to create a feasible and usable hybrid software development method by combining agile practices and formal practices for a particular situation in large software development organizations.