The aerodynamic environment of aerospace vehicle is harsh under the long duration flight conditions, and the thermal protection structure has become the key to its safe and stable operation. The integrated thermal protection structure and active cooling technology have become a promising development direction for the thermal structure due to their excellent performance in thermal insulation and cooling. An optimization scheme was proposed for the thermal protection structure of vehicle, active and passive thermal control methods were employed, and the temperature control mechanism was investigated through numerical simulation. The results show that the active thermal control has better temperature control performance compared with the passive thermal control. The temperature difference between the cold and hot surfaces is 2.4 times that of the passive thermal control. In the two thermal control methods, the deformation of the structure is not much different, and both are within the safe range.

Commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) urgently needs to scale up to modules. Therefore, improving the device performance of large-area perovskite solar cell modules (PSMs) is of great significance. Here, we used the 4-Chlorobenzoicacid (4-CBA) as an additive to improve the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of inverted (p-i-n) PSMs. A strong Lewis acid-base interaction between the acetate group$(\mathbf{Ac}^{-})$of 4-CBA and$\mathbf{Pb}^{2+}$in perovskite is of great benefit to enlarge the grain size of perovskite and reduce carrier recombination, thereby improving the quality of large-area perovskite films. As a result, the introduction of 4-CBA boosts the PCE from 9.66% to 15.08% for 57.3$\mathbf{cm}^{2}$(active area)$\mathbf{NiO}_{\mathrm{x}}$-based PSMs. More importantly, the PSMs with 4-CBA demonstrate excellent humidity stability, which can retain 95% of their initial efficiency after being kept for 30 days under ambient air conditions. This work provides guidance for the large-scale manufacture of PSCs.

Two-dimensional (2D) perovskites are rising as promising photoelectric materials for solar cells, due to their excellent environment stability compared to their 3D counterparts. However, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2D perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) still lags far behind those of the 3D PVSCs. We report here on a 2D PVSCs employing an alternating cation (ACI)-type perovskite (GA)(MA)nPbnI3n+1(n = 5)) with a PCE over 18%, which is achieved by moderate control of antisolvent temperature. An optimal antisolvent temperature improves perovskite film morphology, enhances crystallinity, reduces defect density, and thus suppresses charge carrier nonradiative recombination, which eventually results in a champion PCE of 18.92% with decreased hysteresis and increased reproducibility. This work provides a facile and effective strategy for the quality control of 2D perovskite films towards efficient PVSCs.