This paper presents a novel Chemist-AI Alignment framework for generating novel structures of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), a crucial class of antimicrobial agents.The framework uniquely integrates AI-driven small molecule generation with iterative feedback from chemist experts, leveraging both rapid assessments and comprehensive wet-lab validations to optimize for biological potency and synthetic feasibility.Central to the framework is a hierarchical generative model that captures the QAC hierarchical topology.Extensive experiments highlight the efficacy of the framework in identifying promising QAC candidates, many

Ultrasound Localization Microscopy (ULM) has proven effective in resolving microvascular structures and local mean velocities at sub-diffraction-limited scales, offering high-resolution imaging capabilities. Dynamic ULM (DULM) enables the creation of angiography or velocity movies throughout cardiac cycles. Currently, these techniques rely on a Localization-and-Tracking (LAT) workflow consisting in detecting microbubbles (MB) in the frames before pairing them to generate tracks. While conventional LAT methods perform well at low concentrations, they suffer from longer acquisition times and degraded localization and tracking accuracy at higher concentrations, leading to biased angiogram reconstruction and velocity estimation. In this study, we propose a novel approach to address these challenges by reversing the current workflow. The proposed method, Tracking-and-Localization (TAL), relies on first tracking the MB and then performing localization. Through comprehensive benchmarking using both in silico and in vivo experiments and employing various metrics to quantify ULM angiography and velocity maps, we demonstrate that the TAL method consistently outperforms the reference LAT workflow. Moreover, when applied to DULM, TAL successfully extracts velocity variations along the cardiac cycle with improved repeatability. The findings of this work highlight the effectiveness of the TAL approach in overcoming the limitations of conventional LAT methods, providing enhanced ULM angiography and velocity imaging.