User avatars are a critical component in collaborative Virtual Environments. A multitude of tools exist, employing various avatar types for self-representation and the representation of others. However, the optimal appearance for these avatars remains unclear. Consumer applications predominantly utilize stylized avatars, which are less prevalent in enterprise sectors. To investigate users’ avatar preferences, we conducted three user studies in both non-immersive and immersive environments, exploring whether social contexts influence virtual self-avatar selection. We generated individual avatars based on photographs of 91 participants, comprising 71 employees in the automotive industry and 20 individuals external to the company. Our findings indicate that work situations, irrespective of the occupational domain, significantly impact self-avatar choices. Conversely, we observed no correlation between the display medium or personality dimensions and avatar selection. Drawing upon our results, we provide recommendations for future avatar representation in work environments.

We present STROE, a new ungrounded string-based weight simulation device. STROE is worn as an add-on to a shoe that in turn is connected to the user’s hand via a controllable string. A motor is pulling the string with a force according to the weight to be simulated. The design of STROE allows the users to move more freely than other state-of-the-art devices for weight simulation. It is also quieter than other devices, and is comparatively cheap. We conducted a user study that empirically shows that STROE is able to simulate the weight of various objects and, in doing so, increases users’ perceived realism and immersion of VR scenes.

The large potential of force feedback devices for interacting in Virtual Reality (VR) has been illustrated in a plethora of research prototypes. Yet, these devices are still rarely used in practice and it remains an open challenge how to move this research into practice. To that end, we contribute a participatory design study on the use of haptic feedback devices in the automotive industry. Based on a 10-month observing process with 13 engineers, we developed STRIVE, a string-based haptic feedback device. In addition to the design of STRIVE, this process led to a set of requirements for introducing haptic devices into industrial settings, which center around a need for flexibility regarding forces, comfort, and mobility. We evaluated STRIVE with 16 engineers in five different day-to-day automotive VR use cases. The main results show an increased level of trust and perceived safety as well as further challenges towards moving haptics research into practice.

Immersive analytics is a fast growing field that is often applied in virtual reality (VR). VR environments often lack immersion due to missing sensory feedback when interacting with data. Existing haptic devices are often expensive, stationary, or occupy the user’s hand, preventing them from grasping objects or using a controller. We propose PropellerHand, an ungrounded hand-mounted haptic device with two rotatable propellers, that allows exerting forces on the hand without obstructing hand use. PropellerHand is able to simulate feedback such as weight and torque by generating thrust up to 11 N in 2-DOF and a torque of 1.87 Nm in 2-DOF. Its design builds on our experience from quantitative and qualitative experiments with different form factors and parts. We evaluated our final version through a qualitative user study in various VR scenarios that required participants to manipulate virtual objects in different ways, while changing between torques and directional forces. Results show that PropellerHand improves users’ immersion in virtual reality.