As a most promising alternative carrier of energy in the future low-carbon energy system, the possibility of power-to-hydrogen (P2H) generally proton exchange membrane based water electrolyzers, has been explored for frequency response provision. However, there remains an open question as to how to capture the interaction of P2H operation and frequency response provision, and incentivize such behaviors to enhance system resiliency. In this article, we propose a marginal pricing mechanism for frequency response service provision to enhance grid resilience considering the participation of P2H. To depict the interaction between P2H operation and frequency response provision, a dynamic model of P2H is partially simplified to be incorporated into the system frequency response process. Case studies based on the IEEE RTS-24 system and a realistic Northwest power grid of China show that P2H can significantly improve the frequency response ability, especially reduce the startup of conventional units, so as to reduce carbon emissions. This effect is extremely appealing in the renewable-dominated cases.

We develop an algorithm for predicting the arrival times of a transit vehicle at signalized intersections, with a focus on meeting the accuracy requirement associated with signal priority control applications. The algorithm uses both historical and real-time Global positioning system (GPS) vehicle location data. There are no data from other detectors, such as loops or cameras. The arrival time prediction is formulated as an optimalaposterioriparameter estimation problem, where the model is consisted of a historical model and an adaptive model that adaptively adjusts its filter gain based on real-time data. The estimates generated by these two models are fused in a weighted average derived from the solution of the parameter estimation problem. The prediction algorithm adaptively adjusts its weight distribution using error variances obtained from the two models. We include some simulations of field test results and their statistics to demonstrate the performance and convergence of the solution.

A model of a power system with load dynamics is studied by investigating qualitative changes in its behavior as the reactive power demand at a load bus is increased. In addition to the saddle node bilification often associated with voltage collapse, the power system exhibits sub- and supercritical Hopf bifurcations, cyclic fold bifurcation, and period doubling bifurcation. Cascades of period doubling bifurcation terminate in chaotic invariant sets. The presence of these new bifurcations motivates a reexamination of the saddle-node bifurcation as the boundary of the feasible set of power injections.