Although shadow banking widely exists in the financial systems of various countries, their definitions vary significantly due to specific economic and financial characteristics. This paper classifies Chinese shadow banking into six categories: securities, trust, private lending, banking, fund, and insurance. The AR-GARCH-DCC model is used to measure systemic risk spillover through from an industrial and institutional perspective. The network topology index is employed to analyze risk contagion and further explore influencing factors. Firstly, based on the results of the AR-GARCH-DCC, the estimated dynamic volatility (σ) indicates that shadow banking risk spillover is time-varying, especially in trust and securities. Second, according to the static risk spillover analysis, various institutions play different roles and can transform between risk spillovers and overflowers. Thirdly, eigenvector centrality, leverage, assets, CPI, and macroeconomic prosperity significantly impact shadow banking systemic risk spillover.

This study examines agricultural total factor productivity (TFP) from theoretical and empirical perspectives. Specifically, the measures, relevant data, and major sources of the TFP growth are discussed. Using the sector-level growth and productivity data from the EU KLEMS, EUROSTAT, FAOSTAT, and USDA databases, the TFP growth in the EU countries over 1996–2019 is considered. The sources of the TFP growth are analyzed. The results suggest that agricultural TFP increased in almost all EU countries over the period covered. TFP growth appears as an important component of labour productivity and value-added growth in the EU agriculture. The differences among the databases considered are noted in the sense of input and output levels and TFP growth rates.

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) initiated by Chinese government could be regarded as a systematic framework for promoting economic cooperation and development among the countries along the Belt and Road and China. This paper attempts to analyze economic and environmental performance in 61 developing countries along Belt and Road. An additive total factor productivity growth measure allows aggregating contributions of individual countries along the BRI to construct a reasonable measure. Both desirable and undesirable outputs are considered. The growth in the total factor productivity is decomposed with respect to the economic and environmental contributions. The annual average growth rate of green productivity is 3.1% and the disparity of economic and environmental performance could be observed among countries. Some countries show robust economic growths while environmental performance slows down green growth. This indicates that developing economies should pay attention to environmental impacts and promote sustainable development by sharing emission reduction technologies.

The current paper proposes analytical solution of the problem of optimal allocation of resources in the game of two parties, based on the production function of Cobb-Douglas with constant returns under changing scale of production. The Edgeworth box is used to derive the main scientific findings of this research, namely: the analytic representation of Contract Curve; Community indifference curve, a production possibility frontier curve under Cobb-Douglas production function, analytical representation of the solution of maximization income in solving resource allocation problem. The proposed technique is more suitable for practical applicability compared with prevailing theoretical resource allocation models based on Cobb-Douglas production function.

As an extension of fuzzy set, a Pythagorean fuzzy set has recently been developed to model imprecise and ambiguous information in practical group decision-making problems. The aim of this paper is to introduce a novel aggregation method for the Pythagorean fuzzy set and analyze possibilities for its application in solving multiple attribute decision-making problems. More specifically, a new Pythagorean fuzzy aggregation operator called the Pythagorean fuzzy induced ordered weighted averaging-weighted average (PFIOWAWA) operator is developed. This operator inherits main characteristics of both ordered weighted average operator and induced ordered weighted average to aggregate the Pythagorean fuzzy information. Some of main properties and particular cases of the PFIOWAWA operator are studied. A method based on the proposed operator for multiple attribute group decision making is developed. Finally, we present a numerical example of selection of research and development projects to illustrate applicability of the new approach in a multiple attribute group decision-making problem.