This study explores the dual role of electric vehicles (EVs) in mobility service and electricity markets through vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology, enabling EVs to stabilize energy systems by trading electricity with the grid. Building upon Kelso and Crawford’s [4] algorithm, we develop an EV-proposing price-adjustment process to determine matchings between EVs and either riders or charging stations, along with their corresponding transaction prices. We demonstrate that the proposed algorithm produces stable outcomes in both markets. Furthermore, to assess the impact of V2G-enabled EVs, simulations were conducted within a virtual transportation network. The results show that electricity-coordinating EVs play a more significant role in stabilizing the electricity market and, when the station battery levels are low, generate a higher total surplus compared to scenarios without such coordination. In other situations, managing the roles of EVs is essential to maximize welfare.

We report an experiment on the relationship between sleep and cooperative behavior by using Electroencephalogram (EEG) measuring devices and Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) in measuring subjects’ alertness. In this experiment, two types of games—prisoner’s dilemmas and coordination games—were conducted by controlling subjects’ sleep. We found that lower alertness measured by PVT entails more cooperation in both games. On the other hand, we did not observe a significant relationship between sleeping time and cooperation.