The electromagnetic spectrum plays a fundamental role in the development of the digital society. It enables wireless communications (either between humans or machines) and sensing (for example, for Earth exploration, radio astronomy, imaging, and radars). While each of these uses benefits from a larger bandwidth, the spectrum is a finite resource. This introduces competing interests among the different stakeholders of the spectrum, which have led—so far—to rigid policies and spectrum allocations. Recently, the spectrum crunch in the sub-6-GHz bands has prompted communication technologies to move to higher carrier frequencies, where future sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks can exploit theoretically very large bandwidths. However, the spectrum above 100 GHz features several narrow, yet numerous subbands that are exclusively allocated for passive sensing applications, e.g., for climate and weather monitoring. This prevents the allocation of large contiguous bands to active users of the spectrum, either being communications (which need tens of gigahertz of bandwidth to target terabit-per-second links) or radars. This article explores how spectrum policy and spectrum technologies can evolve to enablesharingamong different stakeholders in the above 100-GHz spectrum, without introducing harmful interference or disrupting either security applications or fundamental science exploration. This portion of the spectrum presents new challenges and opportunities for the design of spectrum sharing schemes, including higher spreading and absorption losses, extremely directional antenna technologies, and ultrahigh data-rate communications, among others. This article provides a tutorial on current regulations above 100 GHz and highlights how sharing is central to allowing each stakeholder to make the most out of this spectrum. It then defines—through detailed simulations based on standard International Telecommunications Union (ITU) channel and antenna models—scenarios in which active users may introduce harmful interference to passive sensing. Based on this evaluation, it reviews a number of promising techniques that can enable active/passive sharing above 100 GHz. The critical review and tutorial on policy and technologies of this article have the potential to kickstart future research and regulations that promote safe coexistence between active and passive users above 100 GHz, further benefiting the development of digital technologies and scientific exploration.

Radio spectrum has been subject to national and international regulation almost from its earliest days. “Harmful interference” is a key concept used by regulators in determining whether the impact of a proposed change in permitted radio use is acceptable vis-á-vis incumbent users. While the definition of harmful interference may have been adequate when it was first adopted decades ago, modern radio technology results in many situations where the definition is ambiguous. Clarifying the concept may improve regulatory certainty for developers of new radio technology while also improving the protection of incumbent users.

Classic spectrum management policies and regulations focused on unique frequency assignments for users to avoid intersystem interference. The growing demand for wireless communications along with the recognition that classic spectrum management leads to underutilized spectrum in time and space has resulted in interest in radio spectrum access techniques. Since spectrum use is highly regulated at the national and international levels, the status of regulatory policies is key to the implementation of new access technologies.

This paper reviews the technical disciplines needed to analyze technical communications jamming problems. Such problems rarely involve pure free-space propagation so that careful attention is needed to propagation characteristics. The various sources that contribute uncertainty to the problem are enumerated and estimates are given of their magnitude.