Transient Stability (TS) remains a critical concern in ensuring secure operation of modern power systems, particularly with the growing complexity introduced by renewable energy integration, power electronic devices, and hybrid AC/DC infrastructures. Traditional methods for transient stability assessment (TSA) and transient stability-constrained optimal power flow (TSC-OPF), such as time-domain simulations and energy function-based techniques, face limitations in scalability, computational efficiency, and real-time applicability. This paper presents a holistic review of Machine Learning (ML) approaches adopted for TSA and TSC-OPF, covering a range of models from traditional learners (e.g., support vector machines, decision trees) to DL (e.g., convolutional neural networks, long short-term memory networks, graph neural networks) and Reinforcement Learning (RL) techniques. For each domain, methodologies will be categorized, highlighting key advancements, and discussing trade-offs in performance. Furthermore, existing challenges are identified and future research directions are proposed, emphasizing on hybrid modeling, uncertainty handling, real-time assessment and RL challenges. This review aims to serve as a timely reference for researchers and practitioners working on data-driven solutions for power system TS.

Decentralized hierarchical control techniques do not require a communication layer in their secondary control level. These control techniques reduce the vulnerability of microgrids (MGs) to cyber-attacks, reduce data losses, lessen time delays, and mitigate costs for communication infrastructure. In the islanded AC MG, droop control is profusely used at the primary level to achieve accurate power-sharing. However, it may result in steady-state voltage and frequency (V/f) deviations with varying load conditions. The secondary control layer is required to restore these deviations while maintaining droop dictated power levels. The secondary layer supports V/f control at a slower time scale, while the primary droop-based layer supports V/f tracking at a faster time scale. This paper presents a review of the decentralized secondary control systems that interact with droop based primary controllers. The V/f restoration schemes by the secondary control layer are categorized as linear and non-linear technologies. The mathematical formulations for each control scheme are presented, and a tabulated summary of all the control systems. Finally, simulations are conducted for a selected control technique from each category, and the results are presented and discussed.

Wide-area monitoring, protection, and control (WAMPAC) involves the use of system-wide information and the communication of selected local information to a remote location to counteract the propagation of large disturbances. Synchronized measurement technology (SMT) is an important element and enabler of WAMPAC. It is expected that WAMPAC systems will in the future reduce the number of catastrophic blackouts and generally improve the reliability and security of energy production, transmission, and distribution, particularly in power networks with a high level of operational uncertainties. In this paper, the technological and application issues are addressed. Several key monitoring, protection, and control applications are described and discussed. A strategy for developing a WAMPAC system in the United Kingdom is given as well.

When power utility asset managers are facing the task of resource planning for future deployment, often times, only partial information is available: installation dates and amounts, as well as failure and replacement rates. By combining records on yearly populations of the components, estimation of failure model parameters may be possible. Parametric models may then be used for forecasting of the system's short term future failure rates and for formulation of replacement strategies. We employ the Weibull distribution and show how we estimate its parameters from past failure data. With the obtained estimates, we forecast future failures and keep on improving the estimates as new data become available

System-wide disturbances in power systems are a challenging problem for the utility industry because of the large scale and the complexity of the power system. When a major power system disturbance occurs, protection and control actions are required to stop the power system degradation, restore the system to a normal state, and minimize the impact of the disturbance. In some cases, the present control actions are not designed for a fast-developing disturbance and may be too slow. The report explores special protection schemes and new technologies for advanced, wide-area protection. There seems to be a great potential for advanced wide-area protection and control systems, based on powerful, flexible and reliable system protection terminals, high speed, communication, and GPS synchronization in conjunction with careful and skilled engineering by power system analysts and protection engineers in cooperation.

The main objective of the so-called green power marketing is to provide selective customers of electric energy with choices to purchase electric energy from sustainable, environmentally friendly sources. This paper presents a rationale for marketing of green power provides a brief overview of some of the existing efforts in the United States and abroad, and attempts to identify the conditions and future trends for survival of renewable energy in the energy marketplace. Our goal is primarily to provide a representative sample of the current technology status, rather than a comprehensive coverage of worldwide initiatives in this area.