We study the similarity join problem from a systems perspective. A similarity join retrieves all similar record pairs from two collections based on a given distance function. Existing solutions are often optimized for a single distance function and domain. Such monolithic solutions are limited in both their extensibility to new distance functions and their robustness against changing data characteristics. To address these challenges, we introduce Fast, a similarity join algorithm designed for extensible and robust query evaluation. It leverages a novel abstraction called reductions, which transform similarity join problems from complex domains into simpler ones. A reduction graph is constructed to systematically enumerate query plans. Since cost models for similarity queries are typically unavailable, Fast employs runtime partitioning and a sampling-based strategy to select a near-optimal query plan with performance guarantees. It can utilize prebuilt indexes or build them on-the-fly, incorporating caching techniques to accelerate index construction and probing. Extensive experiments across diverse datasets, domains, and distance functions show that Fast consistently performs close to the optimal plan. Finally, two case studies highlight its strength as a baseline and its utility for prototyping future similarity join algorithms.

Density-based clustering aims to find groups of similar objects (i.e., clusters) in a given dataset. Applications include, e.g., process mining and anomaly detection. It comes with two user parameters (ε, MinPts) that determine the clustering result, but are typically unknown in advance. Thus, users need to interactively test various settings until satisfying clusterings are found. However, existing solutions suffer from the following limitations: (a) Ineffective pruning of expensive neighborhood computations. (b) Approximate clustering, where objects are falsely labeled noise. (c) Restricted parameter tuning that is limited to ε whereas MinPts is constant, which reduces the explorable clusterings. (d) Inflexibility in terms of applicable data types and distance functions. We propose FINEX, a linear-space index that overcomes these limitations. Our index provides exact clusterings and can be queried with either of the two parameters. FINEX avoids neighborhood computations where possible and reduces the complexities of the remaining computations by leveraging fundamental properties of density-based clusters. Hence, our solution is efficient and flexible regarding data types and distance functions. Moreover, FINEX respects the original and straightforward notion of density-based clustering. In our experiments on 12 large real-world datasets from various domains, FINEX frequently outperforms state-of-the-art techniques for exact clustering by orders of magnitude.

The w -event framework is the current standard for ensuring differential privacy on continuously monitored data streams. Following the proposition of w -event differential privacy, various mechanisms to implement the framework are proposed. Their comparability in empirical studies is vital for both practitioners to choose a suitable mechanism, and researchers to identify current limitations and propose novel mechanisms. By conducting a literature survey, we observe that the results of existing studies are hardly comparable and partially intrinsically inconsistent. To this end, we formalize an empirical study of w -event mechanisms by re-occurring elements found in our survey. We introduce requirements on these elements that ensure the comparability of experimental results. Moreover, we propose a benchmark that meets all requirements and establishes a new way to evaluate existing and newly proposed mechanisms. Conducting a large-scale empirical study, we gain valuable new insights into the strengths and weaknesses of existing mechanisms. An unexpected - yet explainable - result is a baseline supremacy, i.e., using one of the two baseline mechanisms is expected to deliver good or even the best utility. Finally, we provide guidelines for practitioners to select suitable mechanisms and improvement options for researchers.

The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) is a popular data format used in document stores to natively support semi-structured data. In this paper, we address the problem of JSON similarity lookup queries: given a query document and a distance threshold τ, retrieve all documents that are within τ from the query document. Different from other hierarchical formats such as XML, JSON supports both ordered and unordered sibling collections within a single document which poses a new challenge to the tree model and distance computation. We propose JSON tree, a lossless tree representation of JSON documents, and define the JSON Edit Distance (JEDI), the first edit-based distance measure for JSON. We develop QuickJEDI, an algorithm that computes JEDI by leveraging a new technique to prune expensive sibling matchings. It outperforms a baseline algorithm by an order of magnitude in runtime. To boost the performance of JSON similarity queries, we introduce an index called JSIM and an effective upper bound based on tree sorting. Our upper bound algorithm runs in O(nτ) time and O(n+τ log n) space, which substantially improves the previous best bound of O(n2) time and O(n log n) space (where n is the tree size). Our experimental evaluation shows that our solution scales to databases with millions of documents and JSON trees with tens of thousands of nodes.

BACKGROUND: Molecular characters have been added in integrative taxonomic approaches in recent years. Nevertheless, taxon diagnoses are still widely restricted to morphological characters. The inclusion of molecular characters into taxon diagnoses is not only hampered by problems, such as their definition and the designation of their positions in a reference alignment, but also by the technical effort. RESULTS: DeSignate is a tool for character-based taxon diagnoses that includes a novel ranking scheme. It detects and classifies individual and combined signature characters (diagnostic molecular characters) based on so-called character state vectors. An intuitive web application guides the user through the analysis process and provides the results at a glance. Further, formal definitions and a uniform terminology of characters are introduced. CONCLUSIONS: DeSignate facilitates the inclusion of diagnostic molecular characters and their positions to complement taxon diagnoses. Compared to previous solutions, the tool simplifies the workflow and improves reproducibility and traceability of the results. The tool is freely available as a web application at (https://designate.dbresearch.uni-salzburg.at/) and is open source (https://github.com/DatabaseGroup/DeSignate/).

The tree similarity join computes all similar pairs in a collection of trees. Two trees are similar if their edit distance falls within a user-defined threshold. Previous algorithms, which are based on a filter-verify approach, suffer from the following two issues. First, ineffective filters produce a large number of candidates that must be further verified. Second, the candidates are verified by computing the tree edit distance, which is cubic in the number of tree nodes. Thus, these techniques fail to scale to large tree collections and are infeasible even for small collections when the trees are large. In this paper, we present a scalable solution for the tree similarity join that is based on (1) an effective indexing technique that leverages both the labels and the structure of trees to reduce the number of candidates, (2) an efficient upper bound filter that moves many of the candidates directly to the join result without additional verification, (3) a linear time verification technique for the remaining candidates that avoids the expensive tree edit distance. We are the first to propose an efficient, non-trivial upper bound and linear time verification for the tree edit distance. Unlike previous solutions, our approach scales to collections with millions of trees. We improve the overall join time by up to two orders of magnitude w.r.t. the state of the art.

Over the past years, an enormous variety of different chaos-based image and video encryption algorithms have been proposed and published. While any algorithm published undergoes some more or less strict experimental security analysis, many of those schemes are being broken in subsequent publications. In this paper, we show that two main motivations for preferring chaos-based image encryption over classical strong cryptographic encryption, namely computational effort and security benefits, are highly questionable. We demonstrate that several statistical tests, commonly used to assess the security of chaos-based encryption schemes, are insufficient metrics for security analysis. We do this experimentally by constructing obviously insecure encryption schemes and demonstrating that they perform well and/or pass several of these tests. In conclusion, these tests can only give a necessary, but by no means a sufficient condition for security. As a consequence of this paper, several security analyses in related work are questionable; further, methodologies for the security assessment for chaos based encryption schemes need to be entirely reconsidered.

We present ACDC-JS, an open-source JavaScript memory management benchmarking tool. ACDC-JS incorporates a heap model based on real web applications and may be configured to expose virtually any relevant performance characteristics of JavaScript memory management systems. ACDC-JS is based on ACDC, a benchmarking tool for C/C++ that models periodic allocation and deallocation behavior (AC) as well as persistent memory (DC). We identify important characteristics of JavaScript mutator behavior and propose a configurable heap model based on typical distributions of these characteristics as foundation for ACDC-JS. We describe heap analyses of 13 real web applications extending existing work on JavaScript behavior analysis. Our experimental results show that ACDC-JS enables performance benchmarking and debugging of state-of-the-art JavaScript virtual machines such as V8 and SpiderMonkey by exposing key aspects of their memory management performance.