The use of a single-camera 3D computer vision system as a position sensor in order to perform robot calibration is examined. A vision feedback scheme, termed vision-guided robot control (VRC), that can improve the accuracy of a robot in an online iterative manner is described. This system demonstrates the advantage that can be achieved by a Cartesian space robot control scheme when end-effector position and orientation are actually sensed instead of calculated from the kinematic equations. The viability of using a vision system for robot calibration is demonstrated by experimentally showing that the accuracy of a robot can be drastically improved. The vision system can also be used to determine the repeatability and accuracy of a robot in a simple, efficient, and quick manner. Experimental work with an IBM electric drive robot and the proposed vision system produced a 97- and 145-fold improvement in the position and orientation accuracy of the robot, respectively.>