Language contact is a pervasive phenomenon reflected in the borrowing of words from donor to recipient languages.Most computational approaches to borrowing detection treat all languages under study as equally important, even though dominant languages have a stronger impact on heritage languages than vice versa.We test new methods for lexical borrowing detection in contact situations where dominant languages play an important role, applying two classical sequence comparison methods and one machine learning method to a sample of seven Latin American languages which have all borrowed extensively from Spanish.All methods perform well, with the supervised machine learning system outperforming the classical systems.A review of detection errors shows that borrowing detection could be substantially improved by taking into account donor words with divergent meanings from recipient words.

This paper examines in a preliminary way the technical factors associated with the use of the HF band for satellite sound broadcasting. Numerical results are presented for an example geostationary satellite system operating in the 26 MHz band. An analysis of the electrical characteristics and the far-field pattern of a whip antenna used on low-cost HF portable receivers is presented in order to connect receiver noise-limited sensitivity measurements and signal quality objectives with incident field strength requirements. It is shown that a minimum usable circularly polarized field strength of 390 μV/m is required for an elevation angle of 5° in a noisy urban environment, decreasing to about 130 μV/m above 15° elevation in a quiet rural area. A simplified satellite mass model is used to estimate the minimum mass of a satellite to provide a field strength of 1000 μV/m at the edge of the coverage area. The optimum antenna size is determined as a function of the antenna parametrics, e.i.r.p., and frequency. For the conditions assumed, the spacecraft on-orbit mass will be on the order of 14 000-17 000 kg, and the antenna diameter will be about 600 m. The Appendix contains analyses showing that refraction, scintillation, and absorption caused by transionospheric propagation are the principal mechanisms degrading the received signal quality. An analysis using ray tracing techniques shows that refraction will reduce coverage to about 40 percent of the earth's disk during the daytime for periods when the smoothed sunspot number is 100. Nighttime coverage will; because of refraction, extend beyond the visible horizon. Nighttime scintillation in the equatorial region is expected to be severe. Based on an extrapolation of data taken at higher frequencies, the envelope of the received carrier will exhibit Rayleigh statistics with fade depths on the order of 10 dB occurring on the average of one every 10 s and lasting for about 1 s. Absorption of transionospheric signals occurs primarily in theDregion of the ionosphere and amounts to a nominal 2 dB of loss. During periods of sudden ionospheric disturbances due to solar flares the absorptive losses may approach 40 dB.

This paper presents the technical factors affecting the design of a geostationary satellite sound broadcasting system operating around 1 GHz to serve low-cost consumer-quality portable and automobile receivers. The technical characteristics for such a system are under study in a number of countries in preparation for the 1985/1988 ITU Space Services Planning Conference.The first session will make appropriate recommendations to the second session on the future regulatory provisions for the service. A medium-quality monophonic or stereophonic service would be provided using frequency modulation. Signals would be received using a simple circularly polarized omnidirectional antenna. Link margins to serve indoor portable receivers and automobile receivers in rural and urban areas are discussed. Building penetration loss for single family dwellings is expected to be about 11.8 dB in 90 percent of the houses not using foil-backed insulation or shadowed by trees, increasing to over 17 dB with foil-backed insulation. Shadowing by trees increases the loss by 12-15 dB. Apartment and commercial building penetration loss is expected to approach 20 dB. Automobile reception in rural areas will be primarily affected by foliage attenuation due to trees. At a 30° elevation angle, an attenuation of about 15 dB with probability of 0.90 is expected. In situations where the line-of-sight path is unobstructed, multipath fading of 2.8 dB at 0.90 probability is the predominant source of degradation. Automobile reception in urban areas requires operating margins of 24-30 dB because of shadowing and multipath by large buildings. Based on the foregoing considerations, an e.i.r.p. from 66 to 79 dBW is required from a geostationary satellite to serve low-cost portable and automobile receivers in rural and urban environments.

The decisions of the 1979 World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC-79) will have a major impact on the future development of the Mobile services. This paper summarizes the scope and structure of the Conference and details the changes in the allocations, resolutions, and recommendations which are of interest to the Mobile services. Substantial changes were made in the Maritime and Land-Mobile services and to a lesser degree to the AeronauticalMobile service. Mobile Satellite also attained footnote allocation status in two Regions (2 and 3) and in two countries of Region 1. In most part, the changes made at WARC-79 are beneficial to the future development of the Mobile Services. However, it remains for future specialized conferences to establish the bases for expanding these services in the newly allocated bands.