Mid-band extra large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (XL-MIMO) systems are considered a key enabler for future wireless communications, offering enhanced throughput and extended coverage. Combined with subarray-based architecture and distributed signal processing, the computational complexity and implementation overhead are reduced. However, uncertain channel characteristics associated with the novel frequency band present significant bottlenecks, hindering the development of hardware architecture and algorithm design. Meanwhile, channel characteristics across distributed processing units remain insufficiently explored. In response, a mid-band channel sounder is constructed, and extensive measurement campaigns are carried out across various typical scenarios. Initially, mid-band channel characteristics are unveiled and compared across different scenarios. Subsequently, the mid-band XL-MIMO channel characteristics are analyzed using a virtual array comprising 256 array antennas and 64 transceiver chains. Moreover, motivated by the potential of distributed processing, mid-band XL-MIMO channel characteristics are particularly investigated from the perspectives of subarrays and sub-bands, encompassing subarray-wise non-stationarities, consistencies, far-field approximations, and sub-band characteristics. Through the combination of analysis and measurement validation, several insights and benefits are revealed, particularly relevant to distributed architecture and processing, which provides practical guidance for the real-world deployment of mid-band XL-MIMO systems.