Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), especially temporally resolved datasets, enables genome-wide profiling of gene expression dynamics at single-cell resolution across discrete time points. However, current technologies provide only sparse, static snapshots of cell states and are inherently influenced by technical noise, complicating the inference and representation of continuous transcriptional dynamics. Although embedding methods can reduce dimensionality and mitigate technical noise, the majority of existing approaches typically treat trajectory inference separately from embedding construction, often neglecting temporal structure. To address this challenge, here we introduce CellStream, a novel deep learning framework that jointly learns embedding and cellular dynamics from single-cell snapshots data by integrating an autoencoder with unbalanced dynamical optimal transport. Compared to existing methods, CellStream generates dynamics-informed embeddings that robustly capture temporal developmental processes while maintaining high consistency with the underlying data manifold. We demonstrate CellStream’s effectiveness on both simulated datasets and real scRNA-seq data, including spatial transcriptomics. Our experiments indicate significant quantitative improvements over state-of-the-art methods in representing cellular trajectories with enhanced temporal coherence and reduced noise sensitivity. Overall, CellStream provides a new tool for learning and representing continuous streams from the noisy, static snapshots of single-cell gene expression.

1-ms vision systems represent an extreme case of temporal development in video sensing techniques. Moreover, a 1-ms dual-hand tracking system leverages the dexterous functionality of hands and thus serves as a seamless and intuitive interface for Human-Computer Interaction. Deep CNN is promising for high tracking robustness, however, neither GPU-based nor FPGA-based implementation addresses the tracking task with ultra-high-speed. This paper proposes: (a) A paradigm to directly map a deep CNN as a hardwired circuit, so the entire network runs in parallel and high processing speed is obtained. The network is exempted from memory access since all intermediate neural values are implicitly represented in hardware states. And condensed binarization is used to reduce resource utilization; (b) Hardware design of the hardwired network on FPGA, inside which kernel-adapted convolutional trees are devised to maximize the parallelism. The speed bottleneck of the network is therefore removed by implementing convolutional layers as fine-grained pipelines with unified components; (c) FPGA-GPU hetero complementation, which utilizes an auxiliary GPU network to compensate for accuracy of the FPGA network without affecting its speed. The quick primary results on FPGA are intermittently refined using delayed but accurate hints from GPU. Implementation results show that the proposed method reaches 973fps and consumes merely 1.30ms to process on$640\times 480$images, while the accuracy is only 4.7% lower compared with the general method on test sequences. Video demonstrations are available athttps://wcms.waseda.jp/em/5f9d020f136e7.

High frame rate, ultra-low delay yet accurate hand tracking system provides a seamless and intuitive interface for Human Computer Interaction (HCI). Tracking multi-person's dual-hand from monocular RGB camera is challenging for hand's variant image feature. Although many CNN based trackers have been proposed on general hardware, they cannot address this challenge with ultra-high speed. This paper proposes: (A) Hetero complementary networks for ultra-high speed dual-hand tracking, where the quick primary result from an FPGA network is intermittently combined with delayed accurate result from a GPU network. (B) Hard-wired condensing binarization for ultrahigh speed network implementation on FPGA. The network is able to be directly mapped as hardware resource because complex computation is condensed into binary layers. The proposed method achieves 69.8% accuracy on test sequences, which is only 4.7% lower compared with the general method. Meanwhile, the estimated FPGA resource utilization is tremendously reduced to 54.7% on the target platform. This work shows the potential to track multi-person's dual-hand at millisecond-level speed.