Location-based services (LBSs) provide enhanced functionality of mobile applications and convenience for mobile users, which plays a more and more remarkable role in people’s daily life. In LBSs, spatial range query is an essential tool for users to find interesting points in a specific region. However, during spatial range query, it is necessary for data owners and query users to exchange their location data, and the leakage of private location information has drawn significant attention in both governmental and social aspects. Meanwhile, most existing location privacy protection schemes only focus on achieving regular geometry range query over static location datasets. In this paper, we present an efficient and privacy-preserving arbitrary polygon range query scheme, named EPAPRQ. With EPAPRQ, the arbitrary and fine-grained polygon range query can be executed over a dynamic and time-series location dataset with privacy protection. Specifically, in EPAPRQ, an arbitrary polygon range query algorithm is first introduced with sub-range query technique. Then, to protect the private location information of the data owner and query users, a series privacy-preserving data computation protocols are constructed with a symmetric homomorphic encryption algorithm, and a ciphertext-based location dataset updating strategy is also designed. Finally, we propose a double filtration method through combining the quadtree index structure and minimum bounded rectangle, which is able to greatly improve the query efficiency over ciphertexts. Detailed security analysis shows that the sensitive location information in EPAPRQ can be well protected. Furthermore, we evaluate the performance of EPAPRQ in the real map, and the results demonstrate that EPAPRQ is indeed efficient.