Different scent delivery methods may influence how scents are perceived in interactive systems. This study presents PlayScent, a custom-built research prototype comprising our in-house multi-module driver (UniODriver) and an integrated 3D-printed apparatus. Using a single-outlet design, PlayScent enables controlled comparison of atomizer, air pump, heater, and fan-based delivery methods under shared spatial conditions. Through a mixed-methods study, we develop a preliminary perceptual mapping and an initial perception vocabulary for scent delivery methods, relating user descriptions to measured physical parameters and identifying distinct perceptual tendencies across methods. Exploratory expert feedback further reflects on the possible relevance of these findings for design practice. Building on the empirical results, we outline illustrative design scenarios for future exploration. Together, this work offers an early design-oriented account of how delivery methods may be considered alongside scent selection in olfactory interaction design.

We present a breath-driven odor display device that enables spatial odor perception in virtual reality, relying on users’ natural inhalation rather than pumps or fans. The device supports rapid concentration adjustment through two models: a continuous gradient (monotonic concentration change with position) and a plume (intermittent, fluctuating patterns resembling natural dispersal). To explore its potential, we conducted a proof-of-concept evaluation across four tasks: concentration discrimination, direction and distance localization, and integrated position searching. Results show that the device can dynamically modulate odor concentration for spatial olfactory perception. Our findings further reveal complementary strengths and limitations of the two models—gradients support stable, precise cues, whereas plumes better emulate natural variability. This work introduces a simple yet effective method for simulating spatial odor experiences in VR, offering a lightweight, energy-efficient pathway that expands the design space for olfactory interaction research in virtual environments.

In this paper, a high-efficiency rectifier and a low temperature coefficient (TC) bandgap voltage reference (BGR) in energy-harvesting circuits are presented. The audio signal generated from smartphone is used to verify the energyharvesting circuits that are composed of a full-wave low-voltage active rectifier, a low-dropout (LDO) regulator, and a currentmode BGR circuit. An active diode and a proposed AVC are presented to enhance the rectifier efficiency. The rectifier output voltage is regulated by an LDO close to a stable 1.2-V supply voltage in a 0.18-μm 1P6M Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company standard complementary metal-oxide- semiconductor (CMOS) process. A curvature-compensation technique is proposed to improve the TC of the BGR, and the best TC of 15.33 ppm/°C between the temperature range of -10 °C and 120 °C is measured. The measured rectifier achieves the maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 87.2% under 1.77 Vppac input signal with 2-kΩ output load resistance. The measured results demonstrate the better characteristic of the rectifier and BGR than that of previous works using the low-power structure.

In this paper we discuss issues about the downlink wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) in high-speed mobile environments. When the carrier synchronization is considered in the RAKE receiver, it may induce the over Doppler shifting (ODS) problem to the high-speed mobile in a rural area where more than one specular component for the multipath channels exist. This makes the receiver difficult to track the rapidly time-varying channel for the time-multiplexed pilot symbols. To fix this problem, we propose a Doppler shift compensation (DSC) method in the 2nd finger of the RAKE receiver to remove the residual frequency offset hence facilitate the channel tracking by linearly interpolating the pilot-aided channel estimates. It can be shown that the performance is improved tremendously for both coded and uncoded systems, especially when the specular component for the 2nd finger is strong.

Presented a new formulation by introducing the concept of block partition such that the shape of modules can be automatically determined based on the goal of optimization. Experimental results from MCNC benchmarks indicate that the zero dead space solutions can be obtained for most test cases under our formulation.