The increasing integration of robots in close human environments necessitates robust safety measures that can adapt to evolving tasks and conditions. Current standards rely on task-specific safety evaluations that are often inflexible, requiring repeated assessments whenever task parameters change. This work proposes MonLog, a data-driven, probabilistic method to automatically derive safety curves (SCs) from recent injury protection data sets. By leveraging non-linear modeling techniques, our approach addresses the limitations of conventional linear SCs, which often result in overly conservative speed restrictions. We present a comprehensive test routine to validate our method, highlighting improvements in both compliance with safety constraints and operational efficiency. Our findings demonstrate that the proposed approach not only enhances safety but also optimizes robotic performance, making it suitable for a wide range of applications.

Recent advances in control and planning allow for seamless physical human–robot interaction (pHRI). At the same time, novel challenges appear in orchestrating intelligent decision-making and ensuring safe control of robots. Particularly in scenarios involving unforeseen or unintended collisions, robots face the imperative of reacting judiciously to avert potential risks to humans, other robots, obstacles, or themselves. At the same time, they need to maintain focus on their primary task or be able to safely resume it. Collision detection and identification algorithms are now well established in industry, yet complex collision reflexes have not transitioned into industrial applications beyond basic stopping reactions. Despite the introduction of numerous advanced high-performance reflex controllers over the past decades, their real-world adoption has remained a challenge. This work establishes a systematic framework to address that gap. For this, thereflex control problemis defined,reflex behaviorsare systematically classified and categorized, and relevantsafety datais acquired followingexisting international standards. We argue that this foundational step is crucial for improving the safety and capabilities of robots in both complex industrial and domestic environments. We validate our approach within the system class of articulated manipulators through a state-of-the-art cooperative pick-and-place task, providing a blueprint for future implementations for other robot classes.