Search engines are ubiquitous in academic research and modern internet culture, but most only parse information into large blocks of text. This paper explores a visual search representation that encodes publication metadata in an inertial, interactive, force-directed graph. The ‘inertial’ in the title emphasizes that all previously and usefully encoded visible nodes remain stationary when one node is examined in detail, a property that vastly reduces the conventional need to scroll to retrieve and explore unseen search results.

We propose, for interactive systems, a representation that is potentially useful as a diagnostic tool. It is based on the concept of affordances that can be offered to and deployed by a user. The proposal is illustrated by reference to an interface designed for a smartphone app that allows a person with Type-1 diabetes to self-manage their condition.

We describe a new notation for interactive systems. It is based on links between the nodes that represent the various affordances available to the user of an interactive system. Like any notation its main benefit may be that of facilitating communication between the customer who commissions the system, the interaction designer and the implementer. The origin of the new notation was a proposed representation of an app designed to support a person with Type-1 diabetes in the management of their condition, and the use of that representation to investigate navigational transitions carried out by the user. Potential generalization of the notation, as well as its benefits and weaknesses, are being investigated.

Riffling the pages of a book, perhaps in the search for a specific image, is an example of Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP). Even at a pace of 10 images per second, successful search is often possible. Interest in RSVP arises because a digital embodiment of RSVP has many applications.There are many possible 'modes' of RSVP. However, a mode can be especially helpful if, after the appearance of an image, and without delaying the arrival of other images, it can remain in view for a second or two to allow a user to confirm that a desired image has been found. Moreover, if a collection of images is presented in such a way as to be perceived as moving in 3D space, it is thought that the search for an individual image can thereby be enhanced by comparison with a 2D presentation.To test this conjecture we devise and use the "Deep-Flat" visual illusion whereby a column of moving images magnifying in size is perceived as approaching the viewer as in a 3D space. When the images are presented in an equivalent way horizontally as a row, the viewer tends to see this as images growing in size, but now on a flat (2D) plane. We tested comparable RSVP designs in these two illusions to ascertain the relative effects of 2D and 3D style presentation under precisely controlled conditions. Elicited data included both performance measures (e.g., recognition success), and user preferences and opinions.We established the effectiveness of RSVP using the illusion. When tested under directly comparable conditions, we concluded that performance is not significantly affected by the illusion of depth, but that the inclusion of certain background cues can have a significantly detrimental effect on performance.

Visual inspection and search are important tasks in many fields, including quality control, security surveillance and medical diagnosis. We investigate whether it is better to visually inspect a moving image as opposed to a series of equivalent static images using the challenging problem of locating individuals lost in a wilderness. Wilderness search and rescue may be approached with a systematic aerial search assisted by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) whose camera relays the terrain below for human inspection. We investigated two presentation modes of simulated UAV video feeds. The first mimics the live video from the downward facing camera. In the second, ‘serial visual presentation’ (SVP) mode, a static image remains in view until replaced by a new image at a rate equivalent to the live video mode. We established a statistically significant improvement in the number of detected targets in the SVP mode when compared to the Moving mode. However, these improvements were accompanied by an increase in the number of incorrectly identified targets in SVP mode. UAV speed has a significant effect on target identification in both modes, presumably due to the extra time available for viewing at lower speeds. We found no significant interaction between speed and presentation mode.

If a person is lost in the wilderness it is increasingly normal for the area in question to be over-flown by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) whose on-board video camera transmits a view of the terrain below. It is then the task of a human operator to visually inspect that view by means of a visual interface specifically designed to enhance the likelihood of the missing person being located.

Rapid Serial Visual Presentations (RSVPs) mimic the riffling of a book's pages and are widely employed as a way of gaining familiarity with a collection of images or selecting images of interest from a collection. In a typical RSVP a number of images within a collection enter a display in (say) the lower left-hand corner and move towards the opposite corner where they disappear ('diagonal RSVP'). If the rate at which images appear on the display is high, the speed with which images traverse the display may be such that the images overlap to some degree. As a consequence there is a need to know how much overlap can be tolerated without seriously affecting image recognition. Diagonal RSVP was implemented for four different levels of overlap and four different image speeds in such a way as to separate the effects of these two parameters. Participants were required to identify theme images (such as 'ships' or 'cars') in a series of image sequences at various combinations of speed and overlap. In addition to recording their performance, participants also completed a questionnaire to gauge their opinion on perceived presentation speed and ease of recognition. Results showed a significant effect of both overlap and speed on the percentage of correctly identified images. On the basis of the experimental results suggestions are made concerning interaction design for RSVP.

The increasing availability and accuracy of eye gaze detection equipment has encouraged its use for both investigation and control. In this paper we present novel methods for navigating and inspecting extremely large images solely or primarily using eye gaze control. We investigate the relative advantages and comparative properties of four related methods: Stare-to-Zoom (STZ), in which control of the image position and resolution level is determined solely by the user's gaze position on the screen; Head-to-Zoom (HTZ) and Dual-to-Zoom (DTZ), in which gaze control is augmented by head or mouse actions; and Mouse-to-Zoom (MTZ), using conventional mouse input as an experimental control.

The activities of opportunistic and involuntary browsing offer the potential for many of a user's latent problems to be resolved serendipitously, with negligible cognitive effort. In this article, we demonstrate how the design of two novel artifacts to support such behavior was based on a set of Design Actions which were derived from a model of browsing behavior in combination with a cognitive model of human visual information processing. We propose the concept of Design Actions as a way of avoiding the need for an interaction designer associated with these and similar artifacts to understand the cognitive theories underlying them.

In both professional and personal contexts, a common activity is the search for a target image among a collection of images. The presentation of that collection to a user can assume a wide variety of forms, and it would help interaction designers to be aware of the comparative properties of available presentation modes. A property of major interest is the percentage of correct identification of the presence or absence of the target image within the collection; another is users' acceptance of a presentation mode. Several modes of Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) are compared for effectiveness in a number of image identification tasks, and with regard to user acceptance and stated preference.Presentation modes have been classified as static or moving. For a selected representative group of three static and three moving modes, for three image presentation times and for three tasks of increasing complexity, we report experimental results which in most cases establish, with a high degree of statistical confidence, that -- over the range of independent variables investigated - (a) static modes are more successful with regard to identification success than moving modes; (b) static modes are far more preferred than moving ones; (c) identification success generally increases with increase in presentation time per image; (d) for mixed and tile modes, identification success is relatively insensitive to image presentation time; and (e) success rate decreases with increase in task complexity except, notably, for slide-show and mixed modes. Evidence from eye-gaze records suggests that the eye-gaze strategy adopted by a subject exerts a very strong influence on both identification success and mode preference. Conclusions are drawn about guidance that can be offered to an interaction designer.

Companies trading stocks need to store information on stock prices over specific time intervals, which results in very large databases. Large quantities of numerical data (thousands of records) are virtually impossible to understand quickly and require the use of a visual model, since that is the fastest way for a human brain to absorb those enormous collections of data. However, little work has been done on verifying which visualizations are more suitable to represent these data sets. Such work is of crucial importance, since it enables us to identify those useful visual models and, in addition, opens our minds to new research possibilities. This paper presents an empirical study of different visualizations, that have been employed for stock market data, by comparing the results obtained by all studied techniques in typical exploratory data analysis tasks. This work provides several research contributions to the design of advanced visual data exploration interfaces.

Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) is a technique that allows images to be presented sequentially in the time-domain, thereby offering an alternative to the conventional concurrent display of images in the space domain. Such an alternative offers potential advantages where display area is at a premium. However, notwithstanding the flexibility to employ either or both domains for presentation purposes, little is known about the alternatives suited to specific tasks undertaken by a user. As a consequence there is a pressing need to provide guidance for the interaction designer faced with these alternatives. We investigated the task of identifying the presence or absence of a previously viewed image within a collection of images, a requirement of many real activities. In experiments with subjects, the collection of images was presented in three modes (1) 'slide show' RSVP mode; (2) concurrently and statically - 'static mode'; and (3) a 'mixed' mode. Each mode employed the same display area and the same total presentation time, together regarded as primary resources available to the interaction designer. For each presentation mode, the outcome identified error profiles and subject preferences. Eye-ga ze studies detected distinctive differences between the three presentation modes. © 2004 ACM.

The technique of Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP), comparable with the riffling of a book's pages to acquire an impression of its contents, has considerable application potential, especially where display space is at a premium. The design of RSVP applications, however, is not straightforward in view of the many, and often conflicting, design decisions that must be taken. Specifically, it is suspected that many of these decisions will impact on the ability of users to effectively perceive the displayed content as far as carrying out a task is concerned. This paper presents an exploratory study in which we investigated the impact of a number of design decisions on users' eye movements. Four RSVP modes were implemented that represent alternative design decisions. Two of these modes were modeled after existing e-commerce applications, and two have been the subject of our ongoing research for some time. For each RSVP mode, a set of images was presented to two participants who were required to respond to the appearance of a pre-viewed target image. In the course of these presentations we recorded the participants' eye movements in order to elicit information concerning potential perceptual difficulties. We propose a novel graphical characterization of RSVP modes, which is appropriate to their correlation with recorded eye gaze patterns, offer an interpretation of the experimental data, and provide a motivation for further research into RSVP.

Rapid Serial Visual Presentation, or RSVP, is the electronic equivalent of riffling a book in order to assess its content. RSVP allows space to be traded for time and has tremendous potential to support electronic information browsing and search particularly on small displays. However, before this potential can be realised, it is necessary to investigate the parameters involved in the successful application of RSVP in the user interface. The rapid display of images or text is well within the capabilities of current desktop computers and even of current or near future mobile devices. The limiting factor in the application of RSVP, therefore, has to be the limited capability of the user's visual system. Users' reading comprehension with RSVP of text has been studied extensively. The transfer of information with RSVP of images, however, has received relatively little attention. This paper examines some of the problems with applying RSVP for image browsing and search.

The Attribute Explorer is a visualization tool in which the graphical and interactive presentation of data supports the human acquisition of insight into that data. The underlying concept employed is that of interactive linked histograms. The advantage of the Attribute Explorer derives from its ability to support both qualitative exploration and quantitative design decisions, as well as a smooth transition between these two activities.

Article Free Access Share on Externalising abstract mathematical models Authors: Lisa Tweedie Department of Electrical Engineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, South Kensington, London, SW7 2BT Department of Electrical Engineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, South Kensington, London, SW7 2BTView Profile , Robert Spence Department of Electrical Engineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, South Kensington, London, SW7 2BT Department of Electrical Engineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, South Kensington, London, SW7 2BTView Profile , Huw Dawkes Department of Electrical Engineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, South Kensington, London, SW7 2BT Department of Electrical Engineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, South Kensington, London, SW7 2BTView Profile , Hus Su Department of Electrical Engineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, South Kensington, London, SW7 2BT Department of Electrical Engineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, South Kensington, London, SW7 2BTView Profile Authors Info & Claims CHI '96: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing SystemsApril 1996 Pages 406–ff.https://doi.org/10.1145/238386.238587Published:13 April 1996Publication History 66citation909DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations66Total Downloads909Last 12 Months107Last 6 weeks16 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteView all FormatsPDF

Engineering design is increasingly being supported by automatic procedures capable of improving a design but which, nevertheless, require human guidance if they are to be successful. Such guidance requires an effective interface. One such interface, recently implemented within a complex engineering design tool, is based upon the Cockpit Metaphor which is the subject of this paper. The metaphor was invented by domain experts and a psychologist, not in response to a commission but as an innovative statement of a fruitful path which future engineering design tools might follow. This paper describes the context of the Cockpit Metaphor, the requirements influencing its incorporation in the Cockpit interface, the evaluations carried out, and the research issues raised.

Presentation techniques for topological networks can be broadly classified as distortion‐oriented and nondistortion‐oriented. Although there has been a growing interest in applying various distortion‐oriented techniques, the application of an earlier example, the bifocal display, has so far been underexploited. This article describes a number of human‐computer interface techniques potentially relevant to the presentation and navigation of topological networks associated with transport systems, and describes a preliminary experimental study of a number of techniques for presenting the London Underground map as part of a real‐time information system for travelers.

We present an integrated architecture for real-time planning and control of robot motions, for a robot operating in the presence of moving obstacles whose trajectories are not known a priori. The architecture comprises three control loops: an inner loop to linearize the robot dynamics, and two outer loops to implement the attractive and repulsive forces used by an artificial potential field motion planning algorithm. From a control theory perspective, our approach is unique in that the outer control loops are used to effect both desirable transient response and collision avoidance. From a motion planning perspective, our approach is unique in that the dynamic characteristics of both the robot and the moving obstacles are considered. Several simulations are presented that demonstrate the effectiveness of the planner/controller combination.>

We present a motion planning/control system that deals with moving obstacles whose trajectories are not known a priori. An artificial potential field planner is tightly coupled with a robust inverse dynamic controller, allowing the robot to avoid obstacles in realtime while retaining the benefits of inverse dynamic control. Our implementation of the artificial potential field planner uses digital filtering techniques to shape the input signal to the inverse dynamic controller, so that system’s response to moving obstacles will depend, not only on the position of those obstacles, but also on their velocity relative to the robot. We prove stability along solution trajectories of the system in the absence of obstacles, and discuss stability issues that arise when obstacles are present.

To support a wide range of cognitive tasks involving the relative assessment of alternative choices, the authors advocate consideration of the simultaneous presentation of those choices, each choice being represented by a multidimensional icon (a ‘portrayal’) whose features encode the attribute values of a particular choice. An experiment is reported which focused on the relative merits, for a decision-making task, of textual and graphical (iconic) descriptions of alternative choices. Significant effects of representation and choice population on time taken to reach a solution were found.

Article Free Access Share on Practical interfaces to complex worlds (panel) Editor: Robert Spence Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Imperial College, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2BT, England Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Imperial College, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2BT, EnglandView Profile Authors Info & Claims CHI '90: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing SystemsMarch 1990 Pages 257–260https://doi.org/10.1145/97243.97282Online:01 March 1990Publication History 1citation271DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations1Total Downloads271Last 12 Months21Last 6 weeks1 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF

A technique for presenting data on a graphics display, while avoiding the inherent windowing problem of conventional v.d.u's is proposed. This technique is centered on the concept of spatial information management. Design principles are presented, together with an example design modifying the display of a conventional microprocessor. The viability of the technique is demonstrated, and a more sophisticated implementation proposed.

An experiment was carried out to examine the effect of variability in computer response time on problem solving in an interactive-graphic environment. Subjects seated at a lightpen-actuated display were required to adjust five parameters to cause a graph plot to lie within an acceptable region; parameter adjustment was achieved by lightpen hits on a light-potentiometer. For a mean response time of 1 s, and a range of 0.2 to 1.8 s, it was found that contrary to a widely held belief, the variability of response time had no effect on the time taken to obtain a solution. The principal effects noted were period effects, demonstrating a change in the subject's strategy and fluency of lightpen use as he worked through three separate attempts at the problem. Some influence of time of day on strategy was in evidence, and there was a suggestion of a degree of correlation between neuroticism and the time taken by the subject to obtain a solution at the first attempt.

The effects of System Response Time, SRT, on interactive graphical problem solving were investigated for fixed SRT's of 0.16, 0.72 and 1.49 seconds. The object was to demonstrate the importance or otherwise of even small SRT values for interactive graphical problem solving of a type which often occurs in Computer Aided Design. A SRT of 1.49 sec was found to degrade performance by about 50%, measured by problem solution time, compared with that found for 0.16 and 0.72 seconds.