Digital Twin (DT) technology serves as a critical enabler in Cyber-Physical-Social Systems (CPSS), especially within Industry 5.0’s human-centric manufacturing paradigm. However, the computational intensity of processing real-time data in DT systems often leads to resource saturation and performance degradation at computation nodes. Dynamic service migration of digital twins by offloading computation-intensive tasks to resource-rich nodes to offer a promising solution, yet introduces challenges in preserving service quality during migration. Key issues include high delay, data inconsistency, service interruptions, and limited bandwidth compromising system stability. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a dynamic migration scheduling strategy for digital twins based on a Lyapunov optimization framework. Our approach integrates Stochastic Network Calculus (SNC) for Quality of Service (QoS) quantification and a persistent queue mechanism for reliability assurance. Theoretical analysis and extensive simulations demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves near-optimal performance with provable bounds, effectively minimizing migration-induced delay while maintaining service reliability. The results confirm that our framework consistently outperforms existing solutions in managing service migration within industrial internet systems.

The increasing demand for connectivity in 5G networks has led to a focus on massive machine-type communication (mMTC) in mobile edge computing (MEC) for IoTs. However, the proliferation of IoT devices has resulted in densely deployed networks and led to a high volume of task offloading to the same edge servers simultaneously. As a consequence, mMTC applications may experience service congestion, negatively impacting service reliability. To enhance the service reliability of latency-sensitive applications, task replication with resource allocation is proposed in MEC, in which a task can be sent simultaneously to multiple computing nodes. Task replication can reduce task latency and improve service reliability at the cost of consuming more computation resources. However, unconstrained task replication may result in too many uploading links, leading to severe costs in network operation. To handle the above challenge, we propose a constrained stochastic optimization problem by task replication with wireless resource block (RB) allocation and edge server queue management. To ensure queue stability while minimizing cost, we design one strategy based on the Lyapunov optimization framework. Accordingly, we further model RB allocation as a mean-field game (MFG) due to the intensive coupling of the RB pool for massive users. Tractable partial differential equations are used to analyze MFG equilibrium, and we derive the optimal edge server queue management based on a given task replication strategy and RB allocation scheme. Our theoretical analysis demonstrates that our algorithm closely approaches the optimal overall costs within a small gap, and simulation results show that our strategy generates a significantly lower cumulative cost than other alternative strategies.

Within the paradigm of forthcoming 6G network infrastructures, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), functioning as principal conveyances, are projected to emerge as pivotal enablers in the nascent domain of the low-altitude economy. UAVs are poised to embrace various innovative applications, including latency-sensitive and compute-intensive services. However, UAVs are constrained by their energy capacity and computational resources, rendering them insufficient for fulfilling the increasingly rigorous service demands in the future. To address these challenges, our investigation focuses on the innovative UAV-based Vehicular Edge Computing (UVEC) framework, incorporating Vehicular Edge Computing (VEC) in UAV systems to bolster service reliability. A UAV can enhance its mission duration by dynamically selecting suitable vehicles for computation offloading and adaptively adjusting the task offloading ratio between vehicles and the edge server. By integrating vehicle selection and task offloading scheduling in the UVEC framework, we investigate the optimization of energy efficiency while satisfying the statistical delay and the buffer constraints for UAVs. To deal with the proposed problem, a distributed algorithm is designed by jointly considering the vehicle selection for task offloading radio to vehicles and the edge server. The stochastic network calculus (SNC) is employed to derive performance bounds for the statistical delay and constraints, enabling robust analysis and optimization of network performance. After that, we leverage linear transformation techniques to reformulate the original problem into a linear framework, enabling the application of the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) algorithm to efficiently solve the transformed problem. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that our algorithm converges while effectively satisfying service reliability constraints within the desired targets, outperforming benchmark schemes in terms of efficiency while meeting task delay and error-rate bounded constraints.