Demonstration of faster target selection by gaze compared to computer mouse so far was limited to targets attracting attention due to their visual saliency. This task, however, can be performed much faster with modern computer vision systems. Can gaze be faster than mouse in a more “intentional” selection task: when targets and non-targets do not significantly differ by their visual features? We propose that this may be the case when targets are moving at speeds beneficial for smooth pursuit eye movements. 16 healthy participants were asked to select 20 balls numbered 1 to 20 in numerical order. Balls were moving linearly at a screen in different directions at 12°/s speed. We compared selection made using a consumer grade eye tracker and a simple smooth pursuit detection algorithm with selection made using a computer mouse, either with clicks or pursuit. Compared to both mouse selection techniques, gaze selection was significantly faster and was experienced as more convenient by all participants.

In virtual environments, perceived distances are frequently reported to be shorter than intended. One important parameter for spatial perception in a stereoscopic virtual environment is the stereo base—that is, the distance between the two viewing cameras. We systematically varied the stereo base relative to the interpupillary distance (IPD) and examined influences on distance and size perception. Furthermore, we tested whether an individual adjustment of the stereo base through an alignment task would reduce the errors in distance estimation. Participants performed reaching movements toward a virtual tennis ball either with closed eyes (blind reaches) or open eyes (sighted reaches). Using the participants' individual IPD, the stereo base was set to (a) the IPD, (b) proportionally smaller, (c) proportionally larger, or (d) adjusted according to the individual performance in an alignment task that was conducted beforehand. Overall, consistent with previous research, distances were underestimated. As expected, with a smaller stereo base, the virtual object was perceived as being farther away and bigger, in contrast to a larger stereo base, where the virtual object was perceived to be nearer and smaller. However, the manipulation of the stereo base influenced blind reaching estimates to a smaller extent than expected, which might be due to a combination of binocular disparity and pictorial depth cues. In sighted reaching, when visual feedback was available, presumably the use of disparity matching led to a larger effect of the stereo base. The use of an individually adjusted stereo base diminished the average underestimation but did not reduce interindividual variance. Interindividual differences were task specific and could not be explained through differences in stereo acuity or fixation disparity.

In virtual environments, perceived distances are frequently reported to be shorter than intended [Renner et al. 2013]. One of many possible causes for this underestimation is the use of a standard stereo base instead of adjusting the presentation to the users' interpupillary distance (IPD). However, determining the individual IPD is not entirely trivial. There are several methods, ranging from very simple ones to costlier measurement devices. In previous studies on the reliability of different measurement methods the raters were optometrists or other experts. In a first experiment, we assessed the interrater- and retest-reliability of three simple methods determining which of them is best for non-experts. In the second experiment, we were interested if distances are perceived more precisely with a stereo base corresponding to the measured IPD.

This study suggests an approach to the evaluation of gaze-based interaction with information displayed on a see-through HMD. For these purposes, a mock-up system consisting of a head-mounted eye tracker and a see-through HMD was developed. In a series of three experiments subjects performed a simple point selection task using gaze control. Various design issues were addressed throughout including the size of interactive elements, their position on the screen, temporal and spatial resolution parameters of the eye tracker as well as algorithms used to enhance data quality. Reaction time and hit rate were measured as objective indicators of performance.

The established method of representing three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional surface involves camera based, point of regard systems, comparable in design to the early “camera obscura”. However, geometrical limitations of such models lead to distortions of perspective when projected. This research investigated the influence of single- versus multi-perspectives on aesthetic choices within one image. A clear perceptual bias towards multi-perspective images was found, additionally supported by an eye tracking study. We propose that human users are more attracted by multi-perspective images, which emphasise the “semantic foci” of the scene, than by those being synthesized statically with only one geometrical prospect.

Article Visual fixations and level of attentional processing Share on Authors: Boris M. Velichkovsky Applied Cognitive Research Unit, Dresden University of Technology, Germany Applied Cognitive Research Unit, Dresden University of Technology, GermanyView Profile , Sascha M. Dornhoefer Applied Cognitive Research Unit, Dresden University of Technology, Germany Applied Cognitive Research Unit, Dresden University of Technology, GermanyView Profile , Sebastian Pannasch Applied Cognitive Research Unit, Dresden University of Technology, Germany Applied Cognitive Research Unit, Dresden University of Technology, GermanyView Profile , Pieter J.A. Unema Psychology Department, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands Psychology Department, University of Maastricht, The NetherlandsView Profile Authors Info & Claims ETRA '00: Proceedings of the 2000 symposium on Eye tracking research & applicationsNovember 2000 Pages 79–85https://doi.org/10.1145/355017.355029Online:08 November 2000Publication History 24citation1,281DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations24Total Downloads1,281Last 12 Months42Last 6 weeks3 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteGet Access

This is an overview of the recent progress leading towards a full subject-centered paradigm in human-computer interaction.At this new phase in the evolution of computer technologies it will be possible to take into account not just characteristics of average human beings, but create systems sensitive to the actual states of attention and intentions of interacting persons.We discuss some of these methods concentrating on the eye-tracking and brain imaging.The development is based on the use of eye movement data for a control of output devices, for gaze-contingent image processing and for disambiguating verbal as well as nonverbal information.