In this paper, a modern multifactor authentication protocol is analyzed in order to perform cryptanalysis and improve its security. The protocol is a smart card based Multi-Server Two-Factor Authentication Scheme with Un-Traceability Using Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) by Xu et al. We cryptanalyze this protocol and find that it is vulnerable to a type of denial of service (DoS) attack known as clogging attack. Next, we recommend enhancing the process to avoid the clogging attack. We note that all smart card-based authentication protocols preceding Xu et al. are vulnerable to the clogging attack, since they need the server to compute computationally intensive elliptic-curve algorithms. To stop the clogging attack, we propose an alternative protocol upgrade that also pertains to the Xu et al. protocol.

Recent few years are proved very progressive in terms of energy efficient protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks, but energy efficiency is still a point of focus in sensor networks. Among various MAC layer protocols, Wise MAC is known as one of the most energy efficient protocols. Non-Persistent Carrier Sense Multiple Access (NP-CSMA) and the preamble sampling are the main techniques used in basic Wise MAC protocol. Basically they are used to reduce the power consumption when energy is wasted in listening to idle medium. This paper investigates the Wise MAC protocol with different important schemes that are used in implementation of Wise MAC in sensor networks. These schemes basically emphasize on energy saving methods in Wise MAC. Various modifications are done to the original Wise MAC to make it more energy efficient, with the same motive of increasing energy efficiency, adaptive Wise MAC protocol with dynamic duty cycle and the adaptive Contention Window is proposed.

To enhance productivity of farms there is need to follow mantra by Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) i.e. “Save & Grow”. Save and Grow directs towards Precision Agriculture (PA) for sustainable crop production intensification. There is challenge to establish information communication technology (ICT) technologies in fields and remote areas. Proposed system is novel platform to establish wireless sensor network (WSN) to execute PA overcoming the challenge to set up wireless sensor and energy efficient network at farms. Hybrid network of free space optics (FSO) and radio frequency (RF) connectivity and use of solar at farms and base station / control station makes it energy efficient. License free, high bandwidth FSO technology enables multimedia data exchange thus opening gate for many applications. Hybrid Hexagonal Positioning (HHP) for sensor nodes has achieved better link utilization compared to other topologies saving energy and increasing lifetime of sensor node and network. Overall energy efficient, centralized, environment friendly system allows cost effective solution to farmers. A village centric model is presented to define applicability of proposed solution.

The complex and competitive business world of today needs to access data for various operations from different systems placed at different geographical locations. In order to fulfil this need, one should have a reliable distributed computing environment. Various components of that environment may be supplied by different vendors. This means that the computing environment not only needs to be distributed but also requires interoperability. Today, Interoperability is no more just an idea but a reality. There is also a growing need to support interactions among various systems in a dialog mode. Integrating distributed systems can only help to achieve the goal of developing a reliable distributed computing environment. In this paper, a conceptual framework for an architecture is described in conjunction with Advanced Program-to-Program Communications LU 6.2 protocol to handle that challenge. This architecture discusses the required contracting services for integrating distributed systems. This contracting service has three major components: the contract interaction services, the contract support services, and the communications infrastructure services.