Wireless communication networks and technologies are witnessed a huge improvement which gain a large number of users. In addition, the choice and using methods of the network are depending on the environment in which it is created. Although the network in each case is unique, many of them share a lot of common. To this end, we propose a new approach for planning the structure of the Internet of Things (IoT) network based on fractals, where fractal figures are utilized to describe the structure of the target environment. Moreover, fractal dimension’s estimation, fraction area occupied by the target environment, and network model are used in the planning process. This approach allows you to choose a model that accurately describes the properties of the environment. Finally, the results proved the suitability of this approach for the IoT network structure planning in an urban or other environment based on the target environment’s data.

Ultrareliable and low‐latency connection (URLLC) is one of the novel features in 5G networks and subsequent generations, in which it targets to fulfill stringent requirements on data rates, reliability, and availability. Moreover, the multiconnectivity concept is introduced to meet these requirements, where multiple different technologies are connected simultaneously, and the data packet is duplicated and transmitted from multiple transmitters. To this end, in this paper, we present an analysis, model, and method to ensure the reliability of data delivery when organizing URLLC in 5G networks. In addition, a new approach based on the organization of multiple connections (multiconnectivity) and duplication of transmitted data is considered. Further, an analytical model is presented for assessing the probability of failure, taking into account the traffic intensity, the probability of failure of elements, and the number of used connections. Moreover, an efficient method is proposed for increasing the reliability of data delivery by optimizing the number of connections. Further, a multiconnectivity‐based URLLC model has been built for evaluating the proposed method and verifies that the optimal number of routes for data delivery between the user and the point of service can be obtained, where the probability of losses and equipment reliability are jointly considered. Finally, detailed analysis of results shown that with “equal” routes in terms of load (with an equally probable traffic distribution) and the probability of equipment failure, the optimal number of routes can be found, at which the minimum probability of losses is achieved.

Significant increase in multimedia traffic challenges 5G networks in terms of capacity and correspondent QoS parameters. Device-to-device communication paradigm has already become an integral part of 3GPP standards; nevertheless it has not yet been widely deployed due to many different reasons. D2D is expected to leverage implementation of many qualitatively new services and to efficiently accomplish it D2D devices are supposed to form clusters. Due to practical limitations, current D2D implementations are mostly out-of-band and use Wi-Fi Direct. In this paper, we propose a novel model for throughput optimization in out-of-band D2D clusters. We delivered numerical results for different typical cluster member distributions and revealed key functional dependencies. Further, for the first time we compare clustering algorithms for out-of-band D2D and identify effective clustering algorithm that increases network resource utilization rate.

The paper presents the existing situation of the local networks of the former USSR. The existing exchange structure, and the main signalling principles and peculiarities are described. The introduction of digital networks is supported by the development of Russian urban digital exchanges. The main development points are briefly described.>