AI technologies are being increasingly tested and applied in critical environments including healthcare. Without an effective way to detect and mitigate AI induced inequalities, AI might do more harm than good, potentially leading to the widening of underlying inequalities. This paper proposes a generic allocation-deterioration framework for detecting and quantifying AI induced inequality. Specifically, AI induced inequalities are quantified as the area between two allocation-deterioration curves. To assess the framework’s performance, experiments were conducted on ten synthetic datasets (N>33,000) generated from HiRID - a real-world Intensive Care Unit (ICU) dataset, showing its ability to accurately detect and quantify inequality proportionally to controlled inequalities. Extensive analyses were carried out to quantify health inequalities (a) embedded in two real-world ICU datasets; (b) induced by AI models trained for two resource allocation scenarios. Results showed that compared to men, women had up to 33% poorer deterioration in markers of prognosis when admitted to HiRID ICUs. All four AI models assessed were shown to induce significant inequalities (2.45% to 43.2%) for non-White compared to White patients. The models exacerbated data embedded inequalities significantly in 3 out of 8 assessments, one of which was >9 times worse.

Understanding and predicting the pattern formation in groups of pluripotent stem cells has the potential to improve efficiency and efficacy of stem cell therapies. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of pluripotent stem cell behaviors are highly complex and are currently still not fully understood. A key practical question is whether deep biological modelling of the cells is essential to predict their pattern formation, or whether there is sufficient predictive power in simply modelling their behaviors and interactions at a higher level. This study focuses on the social interactions and behaviors of pluripotent stem cells at a high-level to predict aggregate crowd behaviors within a level of uncertainty. Agent-based modelling was applied to study the pattern formation in pluripotent stem cells. Five models were established to test four biologically plausible rules of cell motility in terms of: a) velocity, b) directional persistence time, c) directional movements, and d) border effect. We found that it is possible that cells' directional movements based on local density play an important role of the pattern formation, and pattern formation in pluripotent stem cells is governed by a complex combination of rules in our agent-based model simulations, which account for much of the variability observed in experimental findings.