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Deep Search with Hierarchical Meta-Cognitive Monitoring Inspired by Cognitive Neuroscience

sigir26-025 · Full research paper · Zhongxiang Sun, Qipeng Wang, Weijie Yu, Jingxuan Yang, Haolang Lu, Jun Xu
Agentic and Deep Search RAG · 50% Deep Research and Report Generation · 50%
Abstract

Deep search agents powered by large language models have demonstrated strong capabilities in multi-step retrieval, reasoning, and long-horizon task execution. However, their practical failures often stem from the lack of mechanisms to monitor and regulate reasoning and retrieval states as tasks evolve. Insights from cognitive neuroscience suggest that human metacognition is hierarchically organized, integrating fast anomaly detection with selectively triggered, experience-driven reflection. In this work, we propose Deep Search with Meta-Cognitive Monitoring (DS-MCM), a deep search framework augmented with an explicit hierarchical metacognitive monitoring mechanism. DS-MCM integrates a Fast Consistency Monitor, which performs lightweight checks on the alignment between external evidence and internal reasoning confidence, and a Slow Experience-Driven Monitor, which is selectively activated to guide corrective intervention based on experience memory from historical agent trajectories. By embedding monitoring directly into the reasoning–retrieval loop, DS-MCM determines both when intervention is warranted and how corrective actions should be informed by prior experience. Experiments across multiple deep search benchmarks and backbone models demonstrate that DS-MCM consistently improves performance and robustness.

Assigned reviewers

#ReviewerMatchWhy (closest evidence publications in the taxonomy)
1 Wenlin Zhang 0001
50
100 MemSearch-o1: Empowering Large Language Models with Reasoning-Aligned Memory Growth in Agentic Search (2026) Agentic and Deep Search RAG
87 To Search or Not to Search: Aligning the Decision Boundary of Deep Search Agents via Causal Intervention (2026) Agentic and Deep Search RAG
72 Process vs. Outcome Reward: Which is Better for Agentic RAG Reinforcement Learning (2025) Agentic and Deep Search RAG
2 Yingyi Zhang 0001
47
100 MemSearch-o1: Empowering Large Language Models with Reasoning-Aligned Memory Growth in Agentic Search (2026) Agentic and Deep Search RAG
73 To Search or Not to Search: Aligning the Decision Boundary of Deep Search Agents via Causal Intervention (2026) Agentic and Deep Search RAG
72 Process vs. Outcome Reward: Which is Better for Agentic RAG Reinforcement Learning (2025) Agentic and Deep Search RAG

Area chair

Area chairMatch
Xiaoxi Li 0005 51
Area-chair candidates (6)
Xiaoxi Li 0005 assigned 5115 papers
Hongjin Qian 4212 papers
Pengyue Jia 3810 papers
Dacheng Tao 385 papers
Jun Xu 0001 COI: author 382 papers
Xiaoxue Zang COI: co-author 374 papers

Candidates from the panel ranked by match score

#ReviewerMatchLoadWhy
1 Jialong Wu 0007 56 3
75 WebDancer: Towards Autonomous Information Seeking Agency (2025) Deep Research and Report Generation
75 Nested Browser-Use Learning for Agentic Information Seeking (2026) Deep Research and Report Generation
3 Wenlin Zhang 0001 assigned 50 3
100 MemSearch-o1: Empowering Large Language Models with Reasoning-Aligned Memory Growth in Agentic Search (2026) Agentic and Deep Search RAG
87 To Search or Not to Search: Aligning the Decision Boundary of Deep Search Agents via Causal Intervention (2026) Agentic and Deep Search RAG
4 Yingyi Zhang 0001 assigned 47 3
100 MemSearch-o1: Empowering Large Language Models with Reasoning-Aligned Memory Growth in Agentic Search (2026) Agentic and Deep Search RAG
73 To Search or Not to Search: Aligning the Decision Boundary of Deep Search Agents via Causal Intervention (2026) Agentic and Deep Search RAG
5 Kaixin Ma 43 3
60 Retrieval-augmented GUI Agents with Generative Guidelines (2025) Agentic and Deep Search RAG
49 WebEvolver: Enhancing Web Agent Self-Improvement with Co-evolving World Model (2025) RL Training of Search Agents
6 Farzad Shami 42 3
48 GROKE: Vision-Free Navigation Instruction Evaluation via Graph Reasoning on OpenStreetMap (2026) Reasoning Evaluation and Benchmarks
40 Benchmarking Large Language Models for Knowledge Graph Validation (2026) KG-Augmented LLM Reasoning
8 Wonduk Seo 42 3
48 Automated Visualization Code Synthesis via Multi-path Reasoning and Feedback-Driven Optimizations (2026) Reasoning Evaluation and Benchmarks
48 SPIO: Ensemble and Selective Strategies via LLM-Based Multi-Agent Planning in Automated Data Science (2026) Multi-Agent and Tool-Use Orchestration
9 Yu Gu 0016 41 3
75 Mind2Web 2: Evaluating Agentic Search with Agent-as-a-Judge (2025) Deep Research and Report Generation
48 AgentBench: Evaluating LLMs as Agents (2024) Reasoning Evaluation and Benchmarks
10 Haritz Puerto 41 3
45 MetaQA: Combining Expert Agents for Multi-Skill Question Answering (2023) Retrieval-Augmented and Open-Domain QA
44 Fine-Tuning on Diverse Reasoning Chains Drives Within-Inference CoT Refinement in LLMs (2025) Reward Modeling and Process Supervision
11 Weiwei Sun 0001 41 3
73 Improving Retrieval-Augmented Generation through Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (2025) Agentic and Deep Search RAG
44 ReasonRank: Empowering Passage Ranking with Strong Reasoning Ability (2026) LLM-Based Reranking
12 Xingyu Tan 0001 40 3
42 Paths-over-Graph: Knowledge Graph Empowered Large Language Model Reasoning (2025) KG-Augmented LLM Reasoning
42 MemoTime: Memory-Augmented Temporal Knowledge Graph Enhanced Large Language Model Reasoning (2026) KG-Augmented LLM Reasoning
13 Chen Zhao 0013 40 3
75 Beyond Single-shot Writing: Deep Research Agents are Unreliable at Multi-turn Report Revision (2026) Deep Research and Report Generation
43 SportReason: Evaluating Retrieval-Augmented Reasoning across Tables and Text for Sports Question Answering (2025) Multi-Hop and Iterative Retrieval Reasoning
14 Xi Ye 0003 39 3
75 Beyond Single-shot Writing: Deep Research Agents are Unreliable at Multi-turn Report Revision (2026) Deep Research and Report Generation
48 MuSR: Testing the Limits of Chain-of-thought with Multistep Soft Reasoning (2024) Reasoning Evaluation and Benchmarks
15 Yuchen Li 0006 39 3
61 Retain to Refine: Adaptive Online Question Answering via Query Routing and Long-Short Memory (2026) Agentic and Deep Search RAG
43 Enhancing Retrieval-Augmented Generation via Evidence Tree Search (2025) Evidence Selection and Context Refinement
16 Qinggang Zhang 39 3
43 You Don't Need Pre-Built Graphs for RAG: Retrieval Augmented Generation with Adaptive Reasoning Structures (2026) Multi-Hop and Iterative Retrieval Reasoning
41 KnowGPT: Knowledge Graph based Prompting for Large Language Models (2024) Multimodal and Graph RAG
17 Archiki Prasad 38 3
48 ReCEval: Evaluating Reasoning Chains via Correctness and Informativeness (2023) Reasoning Evaluation and Benchmarks
46 MAgICoRe: Multi-Agent, Iterative, Coarse-to-Fine Refinement for Reasoning (2025) Reward Modeling and Process Supervision
19 Daiting Shi 38 3
49 Reinforced Efficient Reasoning via Semantically Diverse Exploration (2026) RL Training of Search Agents
44 ReflectRM: Boosting Generative Reward Models via Self-Reflection within a Unified Judgment Framework (2026) Reward Modeling and Process Supervision
21 Wenyu Huang 38 3
42 Prompting large language models with knowledge graphs for question answering involving long-tail facts (2025) KG-Augmented LLM Reasoning
41 Masking in Multi-hop QA: An Analysis of How Language Models Perform with Context Permutation (2025) Multi-hop and Complex Reasoning QA
22 Xinyu Ma 0001 38 3
73 Improving Retrieval-Augmented Generation through Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (2025) Agentic and Deep Search RAG
44 ReasonRank: Empowering Passage Ranking with Strong Reasoning Ability (2026) LLM-Based Reranking
24 Armin Toroghi 38 3
40 LLM-based Typed Hyperresolution for Commonsense Reasoning with Knowledge Bases (2025) KG-Augmented LLM Reasoning
40 Verifiable, Debuggable, and Repairable Commonsense Logical Reasoning via LLM-based Theory Resolution (2024) KG-Augmented LLM Reasoning
25 Shuaiqiang Wang COI: co-author 38 3
47 Improving Retrieval-Augmented Generation through Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (2025) Multi-Hop and Iterative Retrieval Reasoning
45 Thinking Forward and Backward: Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning for Retrieval-Augmented Reasoning (2026) Multi-Hop and Iterative Retrieval Reasoning
26 Ori Yoran 38 3
48 AssistantBench: Can Web Agents Solve Realistic and Time-Consuming Tasks? (2024) Reasoning Evaluation and Benchmarks
45 Answering Questions by Meta-Reasoning over Multiple Chains of Thought (2023) Reasoning-Intensive Retrieval and Ranking
27 Mariano Barone 38 3
45 SOLVE-Med: Specialized Orchestration for Leading Vertical Experts Across Medical Specialties (2025) Retrieval-Augmented and Open-Domain QA
40 Combating Biomedical Misinformation through Multi-modal Claim Detection and Evidence-based Verification (2025) RAG for Domain Applications
28 Ben Liu 0002 38 3
47 MoodAngels: A Retrieval-augmented Multi-agent Framework for Psychiatry Diagnosis (2025) RAG for Domain Applications
44 Plan Then Retrieve: Reinforcement Learning-Guided Complex Reasoning over Knowledge Graphs (2026) RL Training of Search Agents
29 Yujia Zhou 0002 38 3
43 RetroLLM: Empowering Large Language Models to Retrieve Fine-grained Evidence within Generation (2025) Evidence Selection and Context Refinement
43 CorpusLM: Towards a Unified Language Model on Corpus for Knowledge-Intensive Tasks (2024) Generative Retrieval
30 Farima Fatahi Bayat 38 3
46 From Proof to Program: Characterizing Tool-Induced Reasoning Hallucinations in Large Language Models (2026) Reward Modeling and Process Supervision
35 Enhancing Language Model Factuality via Activation-Based Confidence Calibration and Guided Decoding (2024) Automated Fact Checking and Claim Verification
31 Qingyi Si 38 3
45 S-GRPO: Early Exit via Reinforcement Learning in Reasoning Models (2025) Reward Modeling and Process Supervision
44 Test-time Prompt Intervention (2026) Reward Modeling and Process Supervision
32 Keqin Bao 37 3
48 MTR-Bench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Multi-Turn Reasoning Evaluation (2026) Reasoning Evaluation and Benchmarks
48 Teaching Language Models to Reason with Tools (2025) Reasoning Evaluation and Benchmarks
33 Jiapu Wang 37 3
44 Large Language Models-guided Dynamic Adaptation for Temporal Knowledge Graph Reasoning (2024) RL Training of Search Agents
43 Atomic Fact Decomposition Helps Attributed Question Answering (2025) Multi-Hop and Iterative Retrieval Reasoning
35 Yongqi Li 0001 37 3
44 Parallel Test-Time Scaling for Latent Reasoning Models (2026) Reward Modeling and Process Supervision
44 TokenSkip: Controllable Chain-of-Thought Compression in LLMs (2025) Reward Modeling and Process Supervision
36 Yong Li 0004 37 3
59 PG-Agent: An Agent Powered by Page Graph (2025) Multi-Agent and Tool-Use Orchestration
48 ProBench: Benchmarking GUI Agents with Accurate Process Information (2026) Reasoning Evaluation and Benchmarks