Formalized Information Needs Improve Large-Language-Model Relevance Judgments
Abstract
Cranfield-style retrieval evaluations with too few or too many relevant documents or with low inter-assessor agreement on relevance can reduce the reliability of observations. In evaluations with human assessors, information needs are often formalized as retrieval topics to avoid an excessive number of relevant documents while maintaining good agreement. However, emerging evaluation setups that use Large Language Models (LLMs) as relevance assessors often use only queries, potentially decreasing the reliability. To study whether LLM relevance assessors benefit from formalized information needs, we synthetically formalize information needs with LLMs into topics that follow the established structure from previous human relevance assessments (i.e., descriptions and narratives). We compare assessors using synthetically formalized topics against the LLM-default query-only assessor on the~2019/2020~editions of TREC Deep Learning and Robust04. We find that assessors without formalization judge many more documents relevant and have a lower agreement, leading to reduced reliability in retrieval evaluations. Furthermore, we show that the formalized topics improve agreement between human and LLM relevance judgments, even when the topics are not highly similar to their human counterparts. Our findings indicate that LLM relevance assessors should use formalized information needs, as is standard for human assessment, and synthetically formalize topics when no human formalization exists to improve evaluation reliability.
Assigned reviewers
| # | Reviewer | Match | Why (closest evidence publications in the taxonomy) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Paul Thomas 0001 | 63 | 100 LLM4Eval@WSDM 2025: Large Language Model for Evaluation in Information Retrieval (2025) LLM-Based Relevance Assessment 100 System Comparison Using Automated Generation of Relevance Judgements in Multiple Languages (2025) LLM-Based Relevance Assessment 100 LLM4Eval: Large Language Model for Evaluation in IR (2025) LLM-Based Relevance Assessment |
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| 2 | Shuaiqiang Wang | 36 | 41 Model Editing for New Document Integration in Generative Information Retrieval (2026) Generative Retrieval 39 COLTR: Semi-Supervised Learning to Rank With Co-Training and Over-Parameterization for Web Search (2023) Web-Scale Learning to Rank 39 GS2P: A Generative Pre-trained Learning to Rank Model with Over-parameterization for Web-Scale Search (Extended Abstract) (2024) Web-Scale Learning to Rank |
Area chair
| Area chair | Match | |
|---|---|---|
| Kam-Fai Wong | 36 |
Area-chair candidates (4)
| Kam-Fai Wong assigned | 36 | 6 papers | |
| Fernando Diaz 0001 COI: co-author | 36 | 12 papers | |
| Xiaoxi Li 0005 | 35 | 15 papers | |
| Zhijing Wu 0001 | 35 | 9 papers |
Candidates from the panel ranked by match score
| # | Reviewer | Match | Load | Why | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Paul Thomas 0001 assigned | 63 | 3 | 100 LLM4Eval@WSDM 2025: Large Language Model for Evaluation in Information Retrieval (2025) LLM-Based Relevance Assessment 100 System Comparison Using Automated Generation of Relevance Judgements in Multiple Languages (2025) LLM-Based Relevance Assessment |
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| 2 | Tetsuya Sakai COI: co-author | 45 | 3 | 47 Summaries, ranked retrieval and sessions: a unified framework for information access evaluation (2013) Evaluation Metrics and User Models 47 Give me just one highly relevant document: P-measure (2006) Evaluation Metrics and User Models |
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| 3 | Negar Arabzadeh | 43 | 3 | 65 LLM-as-a-Judge in Entity Retrieval: Assessing Explicit and Implicit Relevance (2025) Entity Linking and Alignment 47 MS MARCO Chameleons: Challenging the MS MARCO Leaderboard with Extremely Obstinate Queries (2021) Test Collection Construction and Pooling |
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| 4 | Falk Scholer | 43 | 3 | 62 On the Use of LLMs for Relevance Labelling (2026) User Behavior and Search Interaction 62 Enhancing Human Annotation: Leveraging Large Language Models and Efficient Batch Processing (2024) User Behavior and Search Interaction |
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| 5 | Andrew Parry COI: co-author | 41 | 3 | 67 Large Language Model Relevance Assessors Agree With One Another More Than With Human Assessors (2025) LLM-Based Relevance Assessment 54 Corpus Subsampling: Estimating the Effectiveness of Neural Retrieval Models on Large Corpora (2025) Evaluation Resources and Tools |
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| 6 | Mark D. Smucker | 40 | 3 | 54 Evaluating sentence-level relevance feedback for high-recall information retrieval (2020) Evaluation Resources and Tools 54 A Preference Judgment Tool for Authoritative Assessment (2023) Evaluation Resources and Tools |
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| 7 | Rolf Jagerman | 39 | 3 | 100 Reliable Confidence Intervals for Information Retrieval Evaluation Using Generative A.I (2024) LLM-Based Relevance Assessment 74 Consolidating Ranking and Relevance Predictions of Large Language Models through Post-Processing (2024) LLM-Based Reranking |
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| 8 | Weiwei Sun 0001 | 39 | 3 | 54 MAIR: A Massive Benchmark for Evaluating Instructed Retrieval (2024) Evaluation Resources and Tools 45 TourRank: Utilizing Large Language Models for Documents Ranking with a Tournament-Inspired Strategy (2025) Reasoning-Intensive Retrieval and Ranking |
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| 9 | Yuchen Li 0006 | 38 | 3 | 49 ReasonRank: Empowering Passage Ranking with Strong Reasoning Ability (2026) LLM-Based Reranking 47 FULTR: A Large-Scale Fusion Learning to Rank Dataset and Its Application for Satisfaction-Oriented Ranking (2025) Web-Scale Learning to Rank |
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| 10 | Shengyao Zhuang COI: co-author | 38 | 3 | 49 A Setwise Approach for Effective and Highly Efficient Zero-shot Ranking with Large Language Models (2024) LLM-Based Reranking 49 Where Relevance Emerges: A Layer-Wise Study of Internal Attention for Zero-Shot Re-Ranking (2026) LLM-Based Reranking |
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| 11 | Xiao Wang 0043 | 38 | 3 | 46 Retrieve, Rerank, Answer, Experiment: Hands-On IR Research with PyTerrier (2026) Retrieval Toolkits and Reproducibility 41 Improving zero-shot retrieval using dense external expansion (2022) Query Reformulation and Expansion |
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| 12 | Idan Szpektor | 37 | 3 | 44 From query to question in one click: suggesting synthetic questions to searchers (2013) Query Reformulation and Expansion 44 Improving recommendation for long-tail queries via templates (2011) Query Reformulation and Expansion |
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| 13 | Weipeng Chen | 37 | 3 | 44 RichRAG: Crafting Rich Responses for Multi-faceted Queries in Retrieval-Augmented Generation (2025) Evidence Selection and Context Refinement 42 AITQE: An Adaptive Image-Text Quality Enhancer for Scalable MLLM Pretraining (2026) Multimodal Evaluation and Benchmarks |
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| 14 | Daiting Shi | 37 | 3 | 69 Utility-Focused LLM Annotation for Retrieval and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (2025) Evidence Selection and Context Refinement 49 TourRank: Utilizing Large Language Models for Documents Ranking with a Tournament-Inspired Strategy (2025) LLM-Based Reranking |
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| 15 | Leif Azzopardi | 37 | 3 | 43 Query Variation Performance Prediction for Systematic Reviews (2018) Query Performance Prediction 43 Query Performance Prediction: Evaluation Contrasted with Effectiveness (2010) Query Performance Prediction |
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| 16 | Farzad Shami | 36 | 3 | 50 Doctron: A Web-based Collaborative Annotation Tool for Ground Truth Creation in IR (2025) Retrieval Toolkits and Reproducibility 41 From Single to Multi-agent Reasoning: Advancing GeneGPT for Genomics QA (2026) Retrieval-Augmented and Open-Domain QA |
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| 17 | Shuaiqiang Wang assigned | 36 | 3 | 41 Model Editing for New Document Integration in Generative Information Retrieval (2026) Generative Retrieval 39 COLTR: Semi-Supervised Learning to Rank With Co-Training and Over-Parameterization for Web Search (2023) Web-Scale Learning to Rank |
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| 18 | Di Wu 0054 | 36 | 3 | 39 Rethinking Model Selection and Decoding for Keyphrase Generation with Pre-trained Sequence-to-Sequence Models (2023) Language Model Pre-training and Adaptation 39 Active Instruction Tuning: Improving Cross-Task Generalization by Training on Prompt Sensitive Tasks (2023) Language Model Pre-training and Adaptation |
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| 19 | Gustavo Penha | 36 | 3 | 62 As It Was: Aligning LLM Search Evaluation with Historical User Preferences (2026) User Behavior and Search Interaction 42 PODTILE: Facilitating Podcast Episode Browsing with Auto-generated Chapters (2024) Multimodal Evaluation and Benchmarks |
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| 21 | Zhen Qin 0001 | 36 | 3 | 74 Consolidating Ranking and Relevance Predictions of Large Language Models through Post-Processing (2024) LLM-Based Reranking 41 Transformer Memory as a Differentiable Search Index (2022) Generative Retrieval |
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| 22 | Yanzhao Zhang | 36 | 3 | 49 Progressive Adaptation of Large Language Models for Multilingual Text Ranking (2026) Evaluation Resources and Tools 44 ERank: Fusing Supervised Fine-Tuning and Reinforcement Learning for Effective and Efficient Text Reranking (2026) LLM-Based Reranking |
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| 23 | Xueguang Ma | 36 | 3 | 44 Resources for Brewing BEIR: Reproducible Reference Models and Statistical Analyses (2024) Retrieval Toolkits and Reproducibility 43 Toward Best Practices for Training Multilingual Dense Retrieval Models (2024) Evaluation Resources and Tools |
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| 24 | Haokun Wen | 36 | 3 | 38 FiRE: Enhancing MLLMs with Fine-Grained Context Learning for Complex Image Retrieval (2025) Universal Multimodal Embedding and MLLM Retrieval 38 Fine-grained Textual Inversion Network for Zero-Shot Composed Image Retrieval (2024) Universal Multimodal Embedding and MLLM Retrieval |
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| 25 | Chen Zhao 0013 | 36 | 3 | 49 LimRank: Less is More for Reasoning-Intensive Information Reranking (2025) LLM-Based Reranking 42 Are Multimodal LLMs Robust Against Adversarial Perturbations? RoMMath: A Systematic Evaluation on Multimodal Math Reasoning (2025) Multimodal Evaluation and Benchmarks |
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| 27 | Ruqing Zhang 0001 | 36 | 3 | 41 CorpusBrain: Pre-train a Generative Retrieval Model for Knowledge-Intensive Language Tasks (2022) Generative Retrieval 41 Recent Advances in Generative Information Retrieval (2024) Generative Retrieval |
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| 28 | Venktesh V | 36 | 3 | 49 Understanding the User: An Intent-Based Ranking Dataset (2024) Query Reformulation and Expansion 46 Explainable Information Retrieval (2025) Retrieval Toolkits and Reproducibility |
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| 30 | Adam Jatowt | 35 | 3 | 45 BracketRank: Large Language Model Document Ranking via Reasoning-based Competitive Elimination (2026) Reasoning-Intensive Retrieval and Ranking 42 Search Intent Discovery by Structurization of Community QA Contents (2012) Query Reformulation and Expansion |
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| 31 | Xi Ye 0003 | 35 | 3 | 41 Query-Focused Retrieval Heads Improve Long-Context Reasoning and Re-ranking (2025) Multi-hop and Complex Reasoning QA 39 Explanation Selection Using Unlabeled Data for Chain-of-Thought Prompting (2023) Language Model Pre-training and Adaptation |
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| 32 | Zihao Yue | 35 | 3 | 42 POLYCHARTQA: Benchmarking Large Vision-Language Models with Multilingual Chart Question Answering (2026) Multimodal Evaluation and Benchmarks 42 ChartM3: Benchmarking Chart Editing with Multimodal Instructions (2025) Multimodal Evaluation and Benchmarks |
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| 34 | Jialong Wu 0007 | 35 | 3 | 42 AdaRewriter: Unleashing the Power of Prompting-based Conversational Query Reformulation via Test-Time Adaptation (2025) Query Reformulation and Expansion 42 AdaCQR: Enhancing Query Reformulation for Conversational Search via Sparse and Dense Retrieval Alignment (2025) Query Reformulation and Expansion |