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ARHN: Answer-Centric Relabeling of Hard Negatives with Open-Source LLMs for Dense Retrieval

sigir26-104 · Full research paper · Hye-Won Choi, Jooyoung Choi, Hansol Jang, Hyun Kim, Chulmin Yun, Changwook Jun, Stanley Jungkyu Choi
Retrieval-Augmented and Open-Domain · 50% LLM-Based Reranking · 25% Dense Bi-Encoder Training and Repres · 25%
Abstract

Neural retrievers are often trained on large-scale triplet data comprising a query, a positive passage, and a set of hard negatives. In practice, hard-negative mining can introduce false negatives and other ambiguous negatives, including passages that are relevant or contain partial answers to the query. Such label noise yields inconsistent supervision and can degrade retrieval effectiveness. We propose ARHN (Answer-centric Relabeling of Hard Negatives), a two-stage framework that leverages open-source LLMs to refine hard negative samples using answer-centric relevance signals. In the first stage, for each query–passage pair, ARHN prompts the LLM to generate a passage-grounded answer snippet or to indicate that the passage does not support an answer. In the second stage, ARHN applies an LLM-based listwise ranking over the candidate set to order passages by direct answerability to the query. Passages ranked above the original positive are relabeled to additional positives. Among passages ranked below the positive, ARHN exclude any that contain an answer snippet from the negative set to avoid ambiguous supervision. We evaluated ARHN on the BEIR benchmark under three configurations: relabeling only, filtering only, and their combination. Across datasets, the combined strategy consistently improves over either step in isolation, indicating that jointly relabeling false negatives and filtering ambiguous negatives yields cleaner supervision for training neural retrieval models. By relying strictly on open-source models, ARHN establishes a cost-effective and scalable refinement pipeline suitable for large-scale training.

Assigned reviewers

#ReviewerMatchWhy (closest evidence publications in the taxonomy)
1 Jing Liu 0022
62
69 A Regularized Competition Model for Question Difficulty Estimation in Community Question Answering Services (2014) Retrieval-Augmented and Open-Domain QA
64 Investigating the Factual Knowledge Boundary of Large Language Models with Retrieval Augmentation (2025) Knowledge Conflict and Faithfulness
59 Question Difficulty Estimation in Community Question Answering Services (2013) Social Media and User Modelling
2 Shengyao Zhuang
57
58 R2LLMs: Retrieval and Ranking with LLMs (2025) Reasoning-Intensive Retrieval and Ranking
56 Where Relevance Emerges: A Layer-Wise Study of Internal Attention for Zero-Shot Re-Ranking (2026) LLM-Based Reranking
56 A Setwise Approach for Effective and Highly Efficient Zero-shot Ranking with Large Language Models (2024) LLM-Based Reranking
3 Chen Zhao 0013
57
74 Distantly-Supervised Dense Retrieval Enables Open-Domain Question Answering without Evidence Annotation (2021) Dense Bi-Encoder Training and Representation Learning
69 A dataset and baselines for sequential open-domain question answering (2018) Retrieval-Augmented and Open-Domain QA
63 Multi-Step Reasoning Over Unstructured Text with Beam Dense Retrieval (2021) Multi-hop and Complex Reasoning QA

Area chair

Area chairMatch
Chenyan Xiong 45
Area-chair candidates (3)
Chenyan Xiong assigned 4515 papers
Hongjin Qian 4212 papers
Zhijing Wu 0001 419 papers

Candidates from the panel ranked by match score

#ReviewerMatchLoadWhy
1 Jing Liu 0022 assigned 62 3
69 A Regularized Competition Model for Question Difficulty Estimation in Community Question Answering Services (2014) Retrieval-Augmented and Open-Domain QA
64 Investigating the Factual Knowledge Boundary of Large Language Models with Retrieval Augmentation (2025) Knowledge Conflict and Faithfulness
2 Shengyao Zhuang assigned 57 3
58 R2LLMs: Retrieval and Ranking with LLMs (2025) Reasoning-Intensive Retrieval and Ranking
56 Where Relevance Emerges: A Layer-Wise Study of Internal Attention for Zero-Shot Re-Ranking (2026) LLM-Based Reranking
3 Chen Zhao 0013 assigned 57 3
74 Distantly-Supervised Dense Retrieval Enables Open-Domain Question Answering without Evidence Annotation (2021) Dense Bi-Encoder Training and Representation Learning
69 A dataset and baselines for sequential open-domain question answering (2018) Retrieval-Augmented and Open-Domain QA
4 Xinyu Ma 0001 53 3
59 Is ChatGPT Good at Search? Investigating Large Language Models as Re-Ranking Agents (2023) Reasoning-Intensive Retrieval and Ranking
54 ReasonRank: Empowering Passage Ranking with Strong Reasoning Ability (2026) LLM-Based Reranking
5 Idan Szpektor 53 3
70 On the Robustness of Dialogue History Representation in Conversational Question Answering: A Comprehensive Study and a New Prompt-based Method (2023) Conversational Search and Retrieval
69 Will My Question Be Answered? Predicting "Question Answerability" in Community Question-Answering Sites (2013) Retrieval-Augmented and Open-Domain QA
6 Ruqing Zhang 0001 49 3
51 B-PROP: Bootstrapped Pre-training with Representative Words Prediction for Ad-hoc Retrieval (2021) Sparse and Dense Retrieval Encoders
51 PROP: Pre-training with Representative Words Prediction for Ad-hoc Retrieval (2021) Sparse and Dense Retrieval Encoders
7 Daiting Shi 48 3
56 TourRank: Utilizing Large Language Models for Documents Ranking with a Tournament-Inspired Strategy (2025) LLM-Based Reranking
52 Pre-trained Language Model-based Retrieval and Ranking for Web Search (2023) Learned Sparse Retrieval Efficiency
8 Sheng-Chieh Lin 47 3
51 Aggretriever: A Simple Approach to Aggregate Textual Representations for Robust Dense Passage Retrieval (2023) Dense Bi-Encoder Training and Representation Learning
51 A Dense Representation Framework for Lexical and Semantic Matching (2023) Dense Bi-Encoder Training and Representation Learning
9 Farzad Shami 47 3
69 From Single to Multi-agent Reasoning: Advancing GeneGPT for Genomics QA (2026) Retrieval-Augmented and Open-Domain QA
37 Doctron: A Web-based Collaborative Annotation Tool for Ground Truth Creation in IR (2025) Retrieval Toolkits and Reproducibility
10 Xiao Wang 0043 47 3
50 Unsupervised Dense Retrieval with Conterfactual Contrastive Learning (2026) Robustness and Adversarial IR
46 ColBERT-PRF: Semantic Pseudo-Relevance Feedback for Dense Passage and Document Retrieval (2023) Query Reformulation and Expansion
11 Jurek Leonhardt 47 3
48 Data Augmentation for Sample Efficient and Robust Document Ranking (2024) Ranking Distillation and Adaptation
48 Efficient Neural Ranking using Forward Indexes (2022) Learned Sparse Retrieval Efficiency
12 Keping Bi 47 3
59 Towards Fully Exploiting LLM Internal States to Enhance Knowledge Boundary Perception (2025) Search Agents and LLM Reasoning › Others
53 CAME: Competitively Learning a Mixture-of-Experts Model for First-stage Retrieval (2025) Dense Bi-Encoder Training and Representation Learning
13 Adam Jatowt 47 3
67 ArchivalQA: A Large-scale Benchmark Dataset for Open-Domain Question Answering over Historical News Collections (2022) Multi-hop and Complex Reasoning QA
58 BracketRank: Large Language Model Document Ranking via Reasoning-based Competitive Elimination (2026) Reasoning-Intensive Retrieval and Ranking
14 Xueguang Ma 47 3
62 R2LLMs: Retrieval and Ranking with LLMs (2025) Reasoning-Intensive Retrieval and Ranking
61 Fine-Tuning LLaMA for Multi-Stage Text Retrieval (2024) Sparse and Dense Retrieval Encoders
15 Yuchen Li 0006 46 3
56 ReasonRank: Empowering Passage Ranking with Strong Reasoning Ability (2026) LLM-Based Reranking
47 S2phere: Semi-Supervised Pre-training for Web Search over Heterogeneous Learning to Rank Data (2023) Web-Scale Learning to Rank
17 Jingtao Zhan 45 3
53 Optimizing Dense Retrieval Model Training with Hard Negatives (2021) Dense Bi-Encoder Training and Representation Learning
51 Scaling Laws For Dense Retrieval (2024) Sparse and Dense Retrieval Encoders
18 Mariano Barone 45 3
67 A Multilingual Multimodal Medical Examination Dataset for Visual Question Answering in Healthcare (2025) Retrieval-Augmented and Open-Domain QA
61 SOLVE-Med: Specialized Orchestration for Leading Vertical Experts Across Medical Specialties (2025) Retrieval-Augmented and Open-Domain QA
19 Corby Rosset 44 3
69 Axiomatic Preference Modeling for Longform Question Answering (2023) Retrieval-Augmented and Open-Domain QA
50 Generic Intent Representation in Web Search (2019) Text Embedding and Representation Learning
20 Weiwei Sun 0001 44 3
59 Is ChatGPT Good at Search? Investigating Large Language Models as Re-Ranking Agents (2023) Reasoning-Intensive Retrieval and Ranking
58 TourRank: Utilizing Large Language Models for Documents Ranking with a Tournament-Inspired Strategy (2025) Reasoning-Intensive Retrieval and Ranking
21 Negar Arabzadeh 44 3
53 Learning Query-Space Document Representations for High-Recall Retrieval (2023) Dense Bi-Encoder Training and Representation Learning
46 Predicting Efficiency/Effectiveness Trade-offs for Dense vs. Sparse Retrieval Strategy Selection (2021) Efficient Retrieval and Indexing
22 Venktesh V 44 3
54 SUNAR: Semantic Uncertainty based Neighborhood Aware Retrieval for Complex QA (2025) Multi-Hop and Iterative Retrieval Reasoning
50 Unsupervised Question Duplicate and Related Questions Detection in e-learning platforms (2023) Text Embedding and Representation Learning
23 Jinheon Baek 44 3
70 Realistic Conversational Question Answering with Answer Selection based on Calibrated Confidence and Uncertainty Measurement (2023) Conversational Search and Retrieval
68 Knowledge-Augmented Reasoning Distillation for Small Language Models in Knowledge-Intensive Tasks (2023) Retrieval-Augmented and Open-Domain QA
24 Armin Toroghi 44 3
53 Self-supervised Contrastive BERT Fine-tuning for Fusion-Based Reviewed-Item Retrieval (2023) Dense Bi-Encoder Training and Representation Learning
37 Bayesian Inference with Complex Knowledge Graph Evidence (2024) Knowledge Graph Question Answering
25 Shu Zhou 0002 43 3
70 LOSDF: A logical optimization and semantic decoupling framework for question answering in multi-party conversations (2025) Conversational Search and Retrieval
58 Enhancing Extractive Question Answering in Multiparty Dialogues with Logical Inference Memory Network (2025) Conversational Search and Retrieval
26 Yanzhao Zhang 43 3
58 ERank: Fusing Supervised Fine-Tuning and Reinforcement Learning for Effective and Efficient Text Reranking (2026) LLM-Based Reranking
55 Progressive Adaptation of Large Language Models for Multilingual Text Ranking (2026) Evaluation Resources and Tools
27 Kaixin Ma 43 3
77 Chain-of-Skills: A Configurable Model for Open-Domain Question Answering (2023) Retrieval-Augmented and Open-Domain QA
69 Open Domain Question Answering with A Unified Knowledge Interface (2022) Multimodal and Graph RAG
28 Falk Scholer 43 3
75 Ranking Documents by Answer-Passage Quality (2018) Retrieval-Augmented and Open-Domain QA
75 Document Summarization for Answering Non-Factoid Queries (2018) Retrieval-Augmented and Open-Domain QA
29 Shuaiqiang Wang 42 3
53 Is ChatGPT Good at Search? Investigating Large Language Models as Re-Ranking Agents (2023) Text Embedding and Representation Learning
44 COLTR: Semi-Supervised Learning to Rank With Co-Training and Over-Parameterization for Web Search (2023) Web-Scale Learning to Rank
31 Xi Ye 0003 42 3
83 Query-Focused Retrieval Heads Improve Long-Context Reasoning and Re-ranking (2025) Multi-hop and Complex Reasoning QA
44 Connecting Attributions and QA Model Behavior on Realistic Counterfactuals (2021) Multi-hop and Complex Reasoning QA
32 Jiapu Wang 42 3
65 Large-Small Model Synergy with Multimodal Fine-Grained Heuristics for Knowledge-Based Visual Question Answering (2025) Retrieval-Augmented and Open-Domain QA
55 Decomposing and Revising What Language Models Generate (2025) Multi-Hop and Iterative Retrieval Reasoning