ARHN: Answer-Centric Relabeling of Hard Negatives with Open-Source LLMs for Dense Retrieval
Abstract
Neural retrievers are often trained on large-scale triplet data comprising a query, a positive passage, and a set of hard negatives. In practice, hard-negative mining can introduce false negatives and other ambiguous negatives, including passages that are relevant or contain partial answers to the query. Such label noise yields inconsistent supervision and can degrade retrieval effectiveness. We propose ARHN (Answer-centric Relabeling of Hard Negatives), a two-stage framework that leverages open-source LLMs to refine hard negative samples using answer-centric relevance signals. In the first stage, for each query–passage pair, ARHN prompts the LLM to generate a passage-grounded answer snippet or to indicate that the passage does not support an answer. In the second stage, ARHN applies an LLM-based listwise ranking over the candidate set to order passages by direct answerability to the query. Passages ranked above the original positive are relabeled to additional positives. Among passages ranked below the positive, ARHN exclude any that contain an answer snippet from the negative set to avoid ambiguous supervision. We evaluated ARHN on the BEIR benchmark under three configurations: relabeling only, filtering only, and their combination. Across datasets, the combined strategy consistently improves over either step in isolation, indicating that jointly relabeling false negatives and filtering ambiguous negatives yields cleaner supervision for training neural retrieval models. By relying strictly on open-source models, ARHN establishes a cost-effective and scalable refinement pipeline suitable for large-scale training.
Assigned reviewers
| # | Reviewer | Match | Why (closest evidence publications in the taxonomy) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Jing Liu 0022 | 62 | 69 A Regularized Competition Model for Question Difficulty Estimation in Community Question Answering Services (2014) Retrieval-Augmented and Open-Domain QA 64 Investigating the Factual Knowledge Boundary of Large Language Models with Retrieval Augmentation (2025) Knowledge Conflict and Faithfulness 59 Question Difficulty Estimation in Community Question Answering Services (2013) Social Media and User Modelling |
|
| 2 | Shengyao Zhuang | 57 | 58 R2LLMs: Retrieval and Ranking with LLMs (2025) Reasoning-Intensive Retrieval and Ranking 56 Where Relevance Emerges: A Layer-Wise Study of Internal Attention for Zero-Shot Re-Ranking (2026) LLM-Based Reranking 56 A Setwise Approach for Effective and Highly Efficient Zero-shot Ranking with Large Language Models (2024) LLM-Based Reranking |
|
| 3 | Chen Zhao 0013 | 57 | 74 Distantly-Supervised Dense Retrieval Enables Open-Domain Question Answering without Evidence Annotation (2021) Dense Bi-Encoder Training and Representation Learning 69 A dataset and baselines for sequential open-domain question answering (2018) Retrieval-Augmented and Open-Domain QA 63 Multi-Step Reasoning Over Unstructured Text with Beam Dense Retrieval (2021) Multi-hop and Complex Reasoning QA |
Area chair
| Area chair | Match | |
|---|---|---|
| Chenyan Xiong | 45 |
Area-chair candidates (3)
| Chenyan Xiong assigned | 45 | 15 papers | |
| Hongjin Qian | 42 | 12 papers | |
| Zhijing Wu 0001 | 41 | 9 papers |
Candidates from the panel ranked by match score
| # | Reviewer | Match | Load | Why | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Jing Liu 0022 assigned | 62 | 3 | 69 A Regularized Competition Model for Question Difficulty Estimation in Community Question Answering Services (2014) Retrieval-Augmented and Open-Domain QA 64 Investigating the Factual Knowledge Boundary of Large Language Models with Retrieval Augmentation (2025) Knowledge Conflict and Faithfulness |
|
| 2 | Shengyao Zhuang assigned | 57 | 3 | 58 R2LLMs: Retrieval and Ranking with LLMs (2025) Reasoning-Intensive Retrieval and Ranking 56 Where Relevance Emerges: A Layer-Wise Study of Internal Attention for Zero-Shot Re-Ranking (2026) LLM-Based Reranking |
|
| 3 | Chen Zhao 0013 assigned | 57 | 3 | 74 Distantly-Supervised Dense Retrieval Enables Open-Domain Question Answering without Evidence Annotation (2021) Dense Bi-Encoder Training and Representation Learning 69 A dataset and baselines for sequential open-domain question answering (2018) Retrieval-Augmented and Open-Domain QA |
|
| 4 | Xinyu Ma 0001 | 53 | 3 | 59 Is ChatGPT Good at Search? Investigating Large Language Models as Re-Ranking Agents (2023) Reasoning-Intensive Retrieval and Ranking 54 ReasonRank: Empowering Passage Ranking with Strong Reasoning Ability (2026) LLM-Based Reranking |
|
| 5 | Idan Szpektor | 53 | 3 | 70 On the Robustness of Dialogue History Representation in Conversational Question Answering: A Comprehensive Study and a New Prompt-based Method (2023) Conversational Search and Retrieval 69 Will My Question Be Answered? Predicting "Question Answerability" in Community Question-Answering Sites (2013) Retrieval-Augmented and Open-Domain QA |
|
| 6 | Ruqing Zhang 0001 | 49 | 3 | 51 B-PROP: Bootstrapped Pre-training with Representative Words Prediction for Ad-hoc Retrieval (2021) Sparse and Dense Retrieval Encoders 51 PROP: Pre-training with Representative Words Prediction for Ad-hoc Retrieval (2021) Sparse and Dense Retrieval Encoders |
|
| 7 | Daiting Shi | 48 | 3 | 56 TourRank: Utilizing Large Language Models for Documents Ranking with a Tournament-Inspired Strategy (2025) LLM-Based Reranking 52 Pre-trained Language Model-based Retrieval and Ranking for Web Search (2023) Learned Sparse Retrieval Efficiency |
|
| 8 | Sheng-Chieh Lin | 47 | 3 | 51 Aggretriever: A Simple Approach to Aggregate Textual Representations for Robust Dense Passage Retrieval (2023) Dense Bi-Encoder Training and Representation Learning 51 A Dense Representation Framework for Lexical and Semantic Matching (2023) Dense Bi-Encoder Training and Representation Learning |
|
| 9 | Farzad Shami | 47 | 3 | 69 From Single to Multi-agent Reasoning: Advancing GeneGPT for Genomics QA (2026) Retrieval-Augmented and Open-Domain QA 37 Doctron: A Web-based Collaborative Annotation Tool for Ground Truth Creation in IR (2025) Retrieval Toolkits and Reproducibility |
|
| 10 | Xiao Wang 0043 | 47 | 3 | 50 Unsupervised Dense Retrieval with Conterfactual Contrastive Learning (2026) Robustness and Adversarial IR 46 ColBERT-PRF: Semantic Pseudo-Relevance Feedback for Dense Passage and Document Retrieval (2023) Query Reformulation and Expansion |
|
| 11 | Jurek Leonhardt | 47 | 3 | 48 Data Augmentation for Sample Efficient and Robust Document Ranking (2024) Ranking Distillation and Adaptation 48 Efficient Neural Ranking using Forward Indexes (2022) Learned Sparse Retrieval Efficiency |
|
| 12 | Keping Bi | 47 | 3 | 59 Towards Fully Exploiting LLM Internal States to Enhance Knowledge Boundary Perception (2025) Search Agents and LLM Reasoning › Others 53 CAME: Competitively Learning a Mixture-of-Experts Model for First-stage Retrieval (2025) Dense Bi-Encoder Training and Representation Learning |
|
| 13 | Adam Jatowt | 47 | 3 | 67 ArchivalQA: A Large-scale Benchmark Dataset for Open-Domain Question Answering over Historical News Collections (2022) Multi-hop and Complex Reasoning QA 58 BracketRank: Large Language Model Document Ranking via Reasoning-based Competitive Elimination (2026) Reasoning-Intensive Retrieval and Ranking |
|
| 14 | Xueguang Ma | 47 | 3 | 62 R2LLMs: Retrieval and Ranking with LLMs (2025) Reasoning-Intensive Retrieval and Ranking 61 Fine-Tuning LLaMA for Multi-Stage Text Retrieval (2024) Sparse and Dense Retrieval Encoders |
|
| 15 | Yuchen Li 0006 | 46 | 3 | 56 ReasonRank: Empowering Passage Ranking with Strong Reasoning Ability (2026) LLM-Based Reranking 47 S2phere: Semi-Supervised Pre-training for Web Search over Heterogeneous Learning to Rank Data (2023) Web-Scale Learning to Rank |
|
| 17 | Jingtao Zhan | 45 | 3 | 53 Optimizing Dense Retrieval Model Training with Hard Negatives (2021) Dense Bi-Encoder Training and Representation Learning 51 Scaling Laws For Dense Retrieval (2024) Sparse and Dense Retrieval Encoders |
|
| 18 | Mariano Barone | 45 | 3 | 67 A Multilingual Multimodal Medical Examination Dataset for Visual Question Answering in Healthcare (2025) Retrieval-Augmented and Open-Domain QA 61 SOLVE-Med: Specialized Orchestration for Leading Vertical Experts Across Medical Specialties (2025) Retrieval-Augmented and Open-Domain QA |
|
| 19 | Corby Rosset | 44 | 3 | 69 Axiomatic Preference Modeling for Longform Question Answering (2023) Retrieval-Augmented and Open-Domain QA 50 Generic Intent Representation in Web Search (2019) Text Embedding and Representation Learning |
|
| 20 | Weiwei Sun 0001 | 44 | 3 | 59 Is ChatGPT Good at Search? Investigating Large Language Models as Re-Ranking Agents (2023) Reasoning-Intensive Retrieval and Ranking 58 TourRank: Utilizing Large Language Models for Documents Ranking with a Tournament-Inspired Strategy (2025) Reasoning-Intensive Retrieval and Ranking |
|
| 21 | Negar Arabzadeh | 44 | 3 | 53 Learning Query-Space Document Representations for High-Recall Retrieval (2023) Dense Bi-Encoder Training and Representation Learning 46 Predicting Efficiency/Effectiveness Trade-offs for Dense vs. Sparse Retrieval Strategy Selection (2021) Efficient Retrieval and Indexing |
|
| 22 | Venktesh V | 44 | 3 | 54 SUNAR: Semantic Uncertainty based Neighborhood Aware Retrieval for Complex QA (2025) Multi-Hop and Iterative Retrieval Reasoning 50 Unsupervised Question Duplicate and Related Questions Detection in e-learning platforms (2023) Text Embedding and Representation Learning |
|
| 23 | Jinheon Baek | 44 | 3 | 70 Realistic Conversational Question Answering with Answer Selection based on Calibrated Confidence and Uncertainty Measurement (2023) Conversational Search and Retrieval 68 Knowledge-Augmented Reasoning Distillation for Small Language Models in Knowledge-Intensive Tasks (2023) Retrieval-Augmented and Open-Domain QA |
|
| 24 | Armin Toroghi | 44 | 3 | 53 Self-supervised Contrastive BERT Fine-tuning for Fusion-Based Reviewed-Item Retrieval (2023) Dense Bi-Encoder Training and Representation Learning 37 Bayesian Inference with Complex Knowledge Graph Evidence (2024) Knowledge Graph Question Answering |
|
| 25 | Shu Zhou 0002 | 43 | 3 | 70 LOSDF: A logical optimization and semantic decoupling framework for question answering in multi-party conversations (2025) Conversational Search and Retrieval 58 Enhancing Extractive Question Answering in Multiparty Dialogues with Logical Inference Memory Network (2025) Conversational Search and Retrieval |
|
| 26 | Yanzhao Zhang | 43 | 3 | 58 ERank: Fusing Supervised Fine-Tuning and Reinforcement Learning for Effective and Efficient Text Reranking (2026) LLM-Based Reranking 55 Progressive Adaptation of Large Language Models for Multilingual Text Ranking (2026) Evaluation Resources and Tools |
|
| 27 | Kaixin Ma | 43 | 3 | 77 Chain-of-Skills: A Configurable Model for Open-Domain Question Answering (2023) Retrieval-Augmented and Open-Domain QA 69 Open Domain Question Answering with A Unified Knowledge Interface (2022) Multimodal and Graph RAG |
|
| 28 | Falk Scholer | 43 | 3 | 75 Ranking Documents by Answer-Passage Quality (2018) Retrieval-Augmented and Open-Domain QA 75 Document Summarization for Answering Non-Factoid Queries (2018) Retrieval-Augmented and Open-Domain QA |
|
| 29 | Shuaiqiang Wang | 42 | 3 | 53 Is ChatGPT Good at Search? Investigating Large Language Models as Re-Ranking Agents (2023) Text Embedding and Representation Learning 44 COLTR: Semi-Supervised Learning to Rank With Co-Training and Over-Parameterization for Web Search (2023) Web-Scale Learning to Rank |
|
| 31 | Xi Ye 0003 | 42 | 3 | 83 Query-Focused Retrieval Heads Improve Long-Context Reasoning and Re-ranking (2025) Multi-hop and Complex Reasoning QA 44 Connecting Attributions and QA Model Behavior on Realistic Counterfactuals (2021) Multi-hop and Complex Reasoning QA |
|
| 32 | Jiapu Wang | 42 | 3 | 65 Large-Small Model Synergy with Multimodal Fine-Grained Heuristics for Knowledge-Based Visual Question Answering (2025) Retrieval-Augmented and Open-Domain QA 55 Decomposing and Revising What Language Models Generate (2025) Multi-Hop and Iterative Retrieval Reasoning |