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PLAID-PRF: Pseudo-Relevance Feedback with Centroid-like Tokens in PLAID

sigir26-166 · Full research paper · Xiao Wang, Sean MacAvaney, Craig Macdonald
Learned Sparse Retrieval Efficiency · 50% Query Reformulation and Expansion · 25% Learned Sparse Retrieval · 12% Query and Document Representation En · 12%
Abstract

Multi-vector dense retrieval models, such as ColBERT, achieve strong retrieval effectiveness by modelling fine-grained token-level interactions between queries and documents. Methods such as PLAID use centroid-based quantisation of each token's vector to reduce the index size and speed up retrieval while maintaining strong effectiveness. In this work, we introduce PLAID-PRF, a method that performs Pseudo-Relevance Feedback (PRF) over PLAID to reformulate ColBERT's query vectors based on the top-retrieved results. In contrast with prior methods that perform PRF on multi-vector retrieval models, PLAID-PRF keeps computational costs low by leveraging the internal PLAID centroid vectors, treating them similarly to tokens in traditional PRF methods. The method selects a small and diverse set of high-utility expansion vectors and appends them to the original query, rerunning PLAID to refine both candidate generation and final scoring. Extensive experiments on the standard in-domain MSMARCO and four out-of-domain BEIR benchmarks show that PLAID-PRF consistently improves retrieval effectiveness over various baselines. In particular, PLAID-PRF improves over PLAID by up to 4.3% nDCG@10 and 7.3% MRR@10, while introducing substantially less computation overhead than prior PRF methods. The results demonstrate that our proposed centroid-aware PRF method offers an effective and lightweight mechanism to improve the quality of top-ranked retrieved results. Overall, this work enables effective and efficient feedback-aware late-interaction retrieval without expensive query-time document-token clustering.

Assigned reviewers

#ReviewerMatchWhy (closest evidence publications in the taxonomy)
1 Xueguang Ma
70
81 Gosling Grows Up: Retrieval with Learned Dense and Sparse Representations Using Anserini (2025) Learned Sparse Retrieval Efficiency
81 SLIM: Sparsified Late Interaction for Multi-Vector Retrieval with Inverted Indexes (2023) Learned Sparse Retrieval Efficiency
80 LACONIC: Dense-Level Effectiveness for Scalable Sparse Retrieval via a Two-Phase Training Curriculum (2026) Learned Sparse Retrieval Efficiency
2 Shengyao Zhuang
58
80 LACONIC: Dense-Level Effectiveness for Scalable Sparse Retrieval via a Two-Phase Training Curriculum (2026) Learned Sparse Retrieval Efficiency
72 Improving Query Representations for Dense Retrieval with Pseudo Relevance Feedback: A Reproducibility Study (2022) Query Reformulation and Expansion
72 Revisiting Document Expansion and Filtering for Effective First-Stage Retrieval (2024) Query Reformulation and Expansion
3 Sheng-Chieh Lin
54
81 Pyserini: A Python Toolkit for Reproducible Information Retrieval Research with Sparse and Dense Representations (2021) Learned Sparse Retrieval Efficiency
81 SLIM: Sparsified Late Interaction for Multi-Vector Retrieval with Inverted Indexes (2023) Learned Sparse Retrieval Efficiency
81 CITADEL: Conditional Token Interaction via Dynamic Lexical Routing for Efficient and Effective Multi-Vector Retrieval (2023) Learned Sparse Retrieval Efficiency

Area chair

Area chairMatch
Chenyan Xiong 47
Area-chair candidates (6)
Chenyan Xiong assigned 4715 papers
Xiaoxue Zang 464 papers
Fernando Diaz 0001 4412 papers
Jun Xu 0001 412 papers
Xiaoyi Zeng 4011 papers
Hongjin Qian 3912 papers

Candidates from the panel ranked by match score

#ReviewerMatchLoadWhy
1 Antonio Mallia COI: co-author 79 3
81 Faster Learned Sparse Retrieval with Guided Traversal (2022) Learned Sparse Retrieval Efficiency
81 Faster Learned Sparse Retrieval with Block-Max Pruning (2024) Learned Sparse Retrieval Efficiency
2 Xiao Wang 0043 COI: author 77 3
81 Reproducibility, Replicability, and Insights into Dense Multi-Representation Retrieval Models: from ColBERT to Col (2023) Learned Sparse Retrieval Efficiency
81 An Inspection of the Reproducibility and Replicability of TCT-ColBERT (2022) Learned Sparse Retrieval Efficiency
3 Franco Maria Nardini COI: co-author 76 3
81 Efficient Inverted Indexes for Approximate Retrieval over Learned Sparse Representations (2024) Learned Sparse Retrieval Efficiency
81 Pairing Clustered Inverted Indexes with κ-NN Graphs for Fast Approximate Retrieval over Learned Sparse Representations (2024) Learned Sparse Retrieval Efficiency
4 Xueguang Ma assigned 70 3
81 Gosling Grows Up: Retrieval with Learned Dense and Sparse Representations Using Anserini (2025) Learned Sparse Retrieval Efficiency
81 SLIM: Sparsified Late Interaction for Multi-Vector Retrieval with Inverted Indexes (2023) Learned Sparse Retrieval Efficiency
5 Huiqiang Jiang 69 3
72 RetrievalAttention: Accelerating Long-Context LLM Inference via Vector Retrieval (2025) Learned Sparse Retrieval Efficiency
72 RetroInfer: A Vector Storage Engine for Scalable Long-Context LLM Inference (2026) Learned Sparse Retrieval Efficiency
6 Sebastian Bruch 0001 64 3
81 Forward Index Compression for Learned Sparse Retrieval (2026) Learned Sparse Retrieval Efficiency
72 Efficient Inverted Indexes for Approximate Retrieval over Learned Sparse Representations (2024) Learned Sparse Retrieval Efficiency
7 Shengyao Zhuang assigned 58 3
80 LACONIC: Dense-Level Effectiveness for Scalable Sparse Retrieval via a Two-Phase Training Curriculum (2026) Learned Sparse Retrieval Efficiency
72 Improving Query Representations for Dense Retrieval with Pseudo Relevance Feedback: A Reproducibility Study (2022) Query Reformulation and Expansion
8 Jurek Leonhardt 56 3
75 Efficient Neural Ranking using Forward Indexes (2022) Learned Sparse Retrieval Efficiency
75 Efficient Neural Ranking Using Forward Indexes and Lightweight Encoders (2024) Learned Sparse Retrieval Efficiency
9 Negar Arabzadeh 55 3
61 Predicting Efficiency/Effectiveness Trade-offs for Dense vs. Sparse Retrieval Strategy Selection (2021) Efficient Retrieval and Indexing
58 Enhanced Retrieval Effectiveness through Selective Query Generation (2024) Query Reformulation and Expansion
10 Sheng-Chieh Lin assigned 54 3
81 Pyserini: A Python Toolkit for Reproducible Information Retrieval Research with Sparse and Dense Representations (2021) Learned Sparse Retrieval Efficiency
81 SLIM: Sparsified Late Interaction for Multi-Vector Retrieval with Inverted Indexes (2023) Learned Sparse Retrieval Efficiency
11 Jingtao Zhan 52 3
81 Joint Optimization of Multi-vector Representation with Product Quantization (2022) Learned Sparse Retrieval Efficiency
52 Jointly Optimizing Query Encoder and Product Quantization to Improve Retrieval Performance (2021) Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search
12 Daiting Shi 48 3
75 Pre-trained Language Model-based Retrieval and Ranking for Web Search (2023) Learned Sparse Retrieval Efficiency
73 Pre-trained Language Model based Ranking in Baidu Search (2021) Learned Sparse Retrieval Efficiency
13 Xinyu Ma 0001 48 3
62 Probe-and-Fetch: Dynamic KV Cache Pruning for Accelerated Long-Context Inference in Web-Scale AI Search (2026) Efficient and Long-Context RAG
57 Replication and Exploration of Generative Retrieval over Dynamic Corpora (2025) Generative Retrieval
16 Jialong Wu 0007 44 3
72 SCOPE: Optimizing Key-Value Cache Compression in Long-context Generation (2025) Learned Sparse Retrieval Efficiency
56 AdaRewriter: Unleashing the Power of Prompting-based Conversational Query Reformulation via Test-Time Adaptation (2025) Query Reformulation and Expansion
18 Ruqing Zhang 0001 44 3
50 PROP: Pre-training with Representative Words Prediction for Ad-hoc Retrieval (2021) Sparse and Dense Retrieval Encoders
50 B-PROP: Bootstrapped Pre-training with Representative Words Prediction for Ad-hoc Retrieval (2021) Sparse and Dense Retrieval Encoders
19 Yuchen Li 0006 43 3
62 Probe-and-Fetch: Dynamic KV Cache Pruning for Accelerated Long-Context Inference in Web-Scale AI Search (2026) Efficient and Long-Context RAG
45 COLTR: Semi-Supervised Learning to Rank With Co-Training and Over-Parameterization for Web Search (2023) Web-Scale Learning to Rank
20 Falk Scholer COI: co-author 43 3
58 Query association for effective retrieval (2002) Query Reformulation and Expansion
51 Can Generative LLMs Create Query Variants for Test Collections? An Exploratory Study (2023) Query Reformulation and Expansion
21 Corby Rosset 43 3
72 Optimizing Query Evaluations Using Reinforcement Learning for Web Search (2018) Efficient Retrieval and Indexing
66 Dodo: Dynamic Contextual Compression for Decoder-only LMs (2024) Learned Sparse Retrieval Efficiency
22 Gustavo Penha 42 3
63 Improving Content Retrievability in Search with Controllable Query Generation (2023) Query Reformulation and Expansion
55 Evaluating the Robustness of Retrieval Pipelines with Query Variation Generators (2022) Query Reformulation and Expansion
23 Keping Bi 42 3
52 Reproducibility Analysis and Enhancements for Multi-aspect Dense Retriever with Aspect Learning (2024) Retrieval Toolkits and Reproducibility
51 A Multi-Granularity-Aware Aspect Learning Model for Multi-Aspect Dense Retrieval (2024) Sparse and Dense Retrieval Encoders
24 Venktesh V COI: co-author 41 3
71 Breaking the Lens of the Telescope: Online Relevance Estimation over Large Retrieval Sets (2025) Learned Sparse Retrieval Efficiency
51 Understanding the User: An Intent-Based Ranking Dataset (2024) Query Reformulation and Expansion
26 Idan Szpektor 41 3
58 Improving recommendation for long-tail queries via templates (2011) Query Reformulation and Expansion
58 From query to question in one click: suggesting synthetic questions to searchers (2013) Query Reformulation and Expansion
27 Leif Azzopardi 41 3
54 Improving sentence retrieval with an importance prior (2010) Query and Document Representation Enhancement
45 Query Variation Performance Prediction for Systematic Reviews (2018) Query Performance Prediction
28 Jinheon Baek 40 3
66 Efficient Long Context Language Model Retrieval with Compression (2025) Learned Sparse Retrieval Efficiency
58 Database-Augmented Query Representation for Information Retrieval (2025) Query Reformulation and Expansion
30 Xuanhui Wang 40 3
65 Accurate language model estimation with document expansion (2005) Query Reformulation and Expansion
57 Can Query Expansion Improve Generalization of Strong Cross-Encoder Rankers? (2024) Query Reformulation and Expansion
31 Tetsuya Sakai COI: co-author 40 3
58 Flexible Pseudo-Relevance Feedback Using Optimization Tables (2001) Query Reformulation and Expansion
43 ChatRetriever: Adapting Large Language Models for Generalized and Robust Conversational Dense Retrieval (2024) Conversational Search and Retrieval
32 Bo Chen 0023 39 3
69 Efficiency Unleashed: Inference Acceleration for LLM-based Recommender Systems with Speculative Decoding (2025) Efficiency and Deployment
40 Generative Representational Learning of Foundation Models for Recommendation (2026) Generative Retrieval and Ranking
33 Rolf Jagerman 39 3
57 Can Query Expansion Improve Generalization of Strong Cross-Encoder Rankers? (2024) Query Reformulation and Expansion
41 RD-Suite: A Benchmark for Ranking Distillation (2023) Text Embedding and Representation Learning
34 Peitian Zhang 39 3
66 Hybrid Inverted Index Is a Robust Accelerator for Dense Retrieval (2023) Efficient Retrieval and Indexing
40 Generative Retrieval via Term Set Generation (2024) Generative Retrieval
35 Shuaiqiang Wang 39 3
45 COLTR: Semi-Supervised Learning to Rank With Co-Training and Over-Parameterization for Web Search (2023) Web-Scale Learning to Rank
45 GS2P: a generative pre-trained learning to rank model with over-parameterization for web-scale search (2024) Web-Scale Learning to Rank