ABSTRACT In this work we implement Bayesian surprise as a method to sift through sequences of discrete patterns and identify any unusual or interesting patterns that deviate from known sequences. Surprise is a biological trait inherent in humans and animals and is essential for many creative acts and efforts of discovery. Numerous technical domains are comprised of discrete elements in sequences such as e‐commerce transactions, genome data searching, online financial transactions of many types, criminal cyber‐attacks and life‐course data from sociology. In addition to the complexity and computational burden of this type of problem is the issue of their rarity. Many anomalies are infrequent and may defy categorisation; therefore, they are not suited to classification solutions. We test our methods on four discrete datasets (Hospital Sepsis patients, Chess Moves, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task and BioFamilies) consisting of discrete sequences. Probabilistic Suffix Trees are trained on this data which maintain each discrete symbol's location and position in a given sequence. The trained models are exposed to “new” data where any deviations from learned patterns either in location on the sequence or frequency of occurrence will denote patterns that are unusual compared with the original training data. To assist in the identification of new patterns and to avoid confusing old patterns as new or novel we use Bayesian surprise to detect the discrepancies between what we are expecting and actual results. We can assign the degree of surprise or unexpectedness to any new pattern and provide an indication of why certain patterns are deemed novel or surprising and why others are not.

Artificial intelligence (AI) decision support systems are crucial in modern decision-making processes. Their increasing human-like adaptability introduces challenges, especially when their recommendations, for whatever reason, need to conflict with user preferences. This study examines the communication strategies AI systems should employ when their recommendations conflict with user preferences. We explored this research question through a hypothetical future interface where ChatGPT offers travel recommendations populated on a map. An online survey-based experiment was conducted, presenting 160 participants with ChatGPT-generated travel recommendations displayed alongside Bing map visuals. We employed a mixed-method experimental design, combining both between-subjects and within-subjects approaches, to investigate the impact of conflicting recommendations and the acknowledgment of user preferences on the acceptance of these recommendations. This effect is especially pronounced when the AI system acknowledges users’ preferences yet still offers conflicting recommendations to them. Contrary to the expectation that acknowledging users’ preferences could buffer the impact of such conflicts, our observations indicate the contrary. The presence of conflict following acknowledgment of users’ preferences, significantly causes a backfire effect, leading users to reject the recommendations. These findings underscore the need for consideration of recommendation delivery strategies in AI decision support systems and offer insights for designing future user interfaces and user experience research in the realm of recommendations provided by AI decision-support systems.

The Digital Interactive Victim Intake Simulator ("DIVIS") is an interactive, agent-based simulated training tool that has been deployed at the U.S. Army's Sexual Harassment/Assault Response Prevention Program ("SHARP") Academy since May 2021. The system allows student Sexual Assault Response Coordinators ("SARCs") and Victim Advocates ("VAs") to practice critical interpersonal intake skills needed when conducting the initial interview of a survivor of military sexual assault. Currently the system includes two scenarios -- one with a male victim and a second with a female victim -- with two more scenarios under development. Each victim exhibits one of a possible three different emotional vectors, (e.g., angry, ashamed or defensive). Scenarios can run multiple times, giving trainees the ability to navigate through various potential story paths based on how they engage with the victim during each session.

The importance of electronic healthcare has caused numerous changes in both substantive and procedural aspects of healthcare processes. These changes have produced new challenges for patient privacy and information secrecy. Traditional privacy policies cannot respond to rapidly increased privacy needs of patients in electronic healthcare. Technically enforceable privacy policies are needed in order to protect patient privacy in modern healthcare with its cross-organizational information sharing and decision making. This paper proposes a personal information flow model that proposes a limited number of acts on this type of information. Ontology-classified chains of these acts can be used instead of the “intended business purposes” in the context of privacy access control. This enables the seamless integration of security and privacy into existing healthcare applications and their supporting infrastructures. In this paper, the authors present their idea of a Chain-Based Access Control (ChBAC) mechanism and provide a comparative analysis of it to Role-Based Access Control (RBAC). The evaluation is grounded in the healthcare domain and examines a range of typical access scenarios and approaches.

BACKGROUND: We previously developed GoMiner, an application that organizes lists of 'interesting' genes (for example, under-and overexpressed genes from a microarray experiment) for biological interpretation in the context of the Gene Ontology. The original version of GoMiner was oriented toward visualization and interpretation of the results from a single microarray (or other high-throughput experimental platform), using a graphical user interface. Although that version can be used to examine the results from a number of microarrays one at a time, that is a rather tedious task, and original GoMiner includes no apparatus for obtaining a global picture of results from an experiment that consists of multiple microarrays. We wanted to provide a computational resource that automates the analysis of multiple microarrays and then integrates the results across all of them in useful exportable output files and visualizations. RESULTS: We now introduce a new tool, High-Throughput GoMiner, that has those capabilities and a number of others: It (i) efficiently performs the computationally-intensive task of automated batch processing of an arbitrary number of microarrays, (ii) produces a human-or computer-readable report that rank-orders the multiple microarray results according to the number of significant GO categories, (iii) integrates the multiple microarray results by providing organized, global clustered image map visualizations of the relationships of significant GO categories, (iv) provides a fast form of 'false discovery rate' multiple comparisons calculation, and (v) provides annotations and visualizations for relating transcription factor binding sites to genes and GO categories. CONCLUSION: High-Throughput GoMiner achieves the desired goal of providing a computational resource that automates the analysis of multiple microarrays and integrates results across all of the microarrays. For illustration, we show an application of this new tool to the interpretation of altered gene expression patterns in Common Variable Immune Deficiency (CVID). High-Throughput GoMiner will be useful in a wide range of applications, including the study of time-courses, evaluation of multiple drug treatments, comparison of multiple gene knock-outs or knock-downs, and screening of large numbers of chemical derivatives generated from a promising lead compound.

We present methods for obtaining basic signal parameters and apply them to the problem of detection, estimation, and enhancement of biological signals. We apply these methods to human speech and whale sounds. In speech, the methods are used to obtain statistical properties of the signal so that the derived features may be used to cluster speakers. For whale sounds we show that the methods may be effectively used not only to obtain signal components and parameters but to also adaptively filter off the noise.

In 1949 Nelson [5] proposed a constructive logic in which falsity is conceived in a fashion analogous to that for intuitionistic truth. The predicate calculus N (for strong negation) was characterized by the usual axioms and rules for positive intuitionistic connectives (see Kleene [4, p. 82, la–7 and 9–12]), with the additional axiom schemata for strong negation: A ⊃ (¬A ⊃ B), Nelson's paper showed that N may be interpreted with concepts for constructive truth ( P -realizability) and falsity ( N -realizability). The paper also gave mappings between the intuitionistic and strong negation systems of arithmetic. These mappings are easily adapted to pure predicate calculus. One shows that intuitionistic predicate calculus I is a subsystem of N by reading the intuitionistic negation of A as A ⊃ B & ¬B in N . It is possible to map N into a subsystem of I using the definition of A′ in [5, p. 19] changing only the definition of (¬A)′ for atomic A to A ⊃ B & ¬B.

Andries van DamThe panel will examine the evolution of the professional workstation from a time shared terminal to powerful graphics-based personal computer connected to a resource-sharing local network. The panelists will speculate on the future evolution of both the hardware/software architecture and end user environment.Workstation development at StanfordJames H. ClarkWorkstation development at Stanford is closely linked with graphics, distributed systems and networking. Two distinct systems have evolved over the last 3 years: the SUN system and the IRIS system. The SUN is a low-cost system based upon an efficient MC68000 processor/memory design and a relatively low-performance, high-resolution bit-map display. The IRIS (Integrated Raster Imaging System) is based upon the same MC68000 design, but the graphics part of the system is a modest- to low-cost, high-performance, high-resolution, color or black and white system that uses the Geometry Engine and several other custom IC parts. Both SUN and IRIS interface to the Stanford Ethernet network, and both are being used for distributed systems research, VLSI design stations, and graphics research. In addition, IRIS will probably be used for mechanical CAD research by the mechanical engineering department and in situations where high-performance graphics is important.Improvement Goals for Workstation FacilitiesRobert M. DunnThree major areas of improvement are needed: interaction techniques that are simpler, provide faster reaction, are useful for higher-level inputs, and have user-style-oriented alternatives. The second area is for image rendering based on local capabilities, in varying degrees of image quality as a function of desired “grade of service”. The third area is to provide support to incremental model construction and approximate design evaluation. There must be evaluation techniques that can work on partial models and give one approximate results. Implications of these criteria for workstation architecture will be discussed.The application of network workstations to large-scale engineeringHarvey KriloffThe development of computerized analysis procedures during the last twenty years has been largely oriented toward providing increased analytic function. This has meant that considerations of user access to specific capabilities or ease of use of these mammoth programs are only now becoming user concerns. The emerging new technologies for display, input and their interaction, when applied to the professional workstation, will be playing an increasingly important role in satisfying these concerns. A professional workstation can be used both to improve the efficiency by which data is collected for an existing analysis program and to assist the user in the preparation of data for a formal presentation or report. This performance improvement can be accomplished through the development of user-adapted “macro procedures” for data entry, the execution of processes to check program input data for accuracy and consistency, and workstation assistance in the training of both new and existing users. At the output stage of analysis, the workstation can be used to select and reformat information prepared by the analysis program, explore the interrelationship of results from several different analyses, and derive the data for a succeeding analysis in an iterative design mode.At Boeing Computer Services, we have been exploring the benefits realized by the development of such a workstation when applied to the field of structural engineering. An interaction-rich workstation with a human-engineered executive that controls and integrates the user interface, connected to our national network of IBM, CDC and CRAY computers with a broad variety of engineering software, supplies the engineer with a full range of tools for analysis, data preparation, report writing and data relationship exploration that are only beginning to be appreciated. In the next few years it is expected that this workstation (distributed) methodology for doing engineering and other quantitative professional functions will radically change the way these analytical processes are performed.Personal Workstations in a Local NetworkDavid NelsonFor many applications, personal workstations provide a superior form of computing compared to timesharing. The requirements of workstations, however, go well beyond the facilities provided by the local computer; they must include the equivalent advantages of timesharing such as user-to-user communications, shared programs and data files, shared peripherals, etc. The preferred way to implement these functions is to interconnect all workstations by means of a high-speed local network, controlled by a distributed operating system which provides transparent access to all network resources through a network-wide virtual memory system. Additional workstation functions such as large virtual address space and a concurrent multiple-window display system significantly increase user productivity. A high resolution bit-map display system with hardware support for dynamics is an essential component. For the future we look towards both significant cost reductions and improvement in performance, as well as significantly higher level software to better implement the user-computer interface.

An implication A ⊃ B is said to be null in case A is false in all instances. This note describes several formal systems for first-order predicate logic and arithmetic in which null implications do not occur. In fact, the most restrictive systems avoid the occurrences of any formulas which represent null predicates. The precise sense of this avoidance is explained below. An intuitionistic negation is a statement of the form A ⊃ F where F is a contradiction. The absence of null implications among true statements entails the absence of intuitionistic negations, and hence systems described here might be called negationless intuitionistic systems.

The present note introduces a constructible interpretation for the logical connectives of number theory which is divergent from that of the intuitionists. Under the intuitionistic interpretation, the principle of excluded middle and certain other classically acceptable principles of logic must be rejected. Under the present interpretation, while some classical principles may be reinstated, other principles, acceptable both classically and intuitionistically, may be shown to be invalid. Among these is the principle of contradiction.