MOTIVATION: Analysis of mutational signatures is a powerful approach for understanding the mutagenic processes that have shaped the evolution of a cancer genome. To evaluate the mutational signatures operative in a cancer genome, one first needs to quantify their activities by estimating the number of mutations imprinted by each signature. RESULTS: Here we present SigProfilerAssignment, a desktop and an online computational framework for assigning all types of mutational signatures to individual samples. SigProfilerAssignment is the first tool that allows both analysis of copy-number signatures and probabilistic assignment of signatures to individual somatic mutations. As its computational engine, the tool uses a custom implementation of the forward stagewise algorithm for sparse regression and nonnegative least squares for numerical optimization. Analysis of 2700 synthetic cancer genomes with and without noise demonstrates that SigProfilerAssignment outperforms four commonly used approaches for assigning mutational signatures. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: SigProfilerAssignment is available under the BSD 2-clause license at https://github.com/AlexandrovLab/SigProfilerAssignment with a web implementation at https://cancer.sanger.ac.uk/signatures/assignment/.

BACKGROUND: Imputation of untyped markers is a standard tool in genome-wide association studies to close the gap between directly genotyped and other known DNA variants. However, high accuracy with which genotypes are imputed is fundamental. Several accuracy measures have been proposed and some are implemented in imputation software, unfortunately diversely across platforms. In the present paper, we introduce Iam hiQ, an independent pair of accuracy measures that can be applied to dosage files, the output of all imputation software. Iam (imputation accuracy measure) quantifies the average amount of individual-specific versus population-specific genotype information in a linear manner. hiQ (heterogeneity in quantities of dosages) addresses the inter-individual heterogeneity between dosages of a marker across the sample at hand. RESULTS: Applying both measures to a large case-control sample of the International Lung Cancer Consortium (ILCCO), comprising 27,065 individuals, we found meaningful thresholds for Iam and hiQ suitable to classify markers of poor accuracy. We demonstrate how Manhattan-like plots and moving averages of Iam and hiQ can be useful to identify regions enriched with less accurate imputed markers, whereas these regions would by missed when applying the accuracy measure info (implemented in IMPUTE2). CONCLUSION: We recommend using Iam hiQ additional to other accuracy scores for variant filtering before stepping into the analysis of imputed GWAS data.

This work presents a study of ultra wideband (UWB) technology to compute the energy transmission level as an electromagnetic impulse traveling from the transmitter antenna into the human body, and reaching the receiver antenna. The consideration is based on two center frequencies at 3.5 GHz which occupies 1 GHz bandwidth and at 6.1 GHz occupying 6 GHz bandwidth. A small discone antenna with gain of 1.8 dBi is employed as the transmitter antenna and a designed implantable patch antenna with gain of 4 dBi is also used as the receiver antenna. The distance between two antennas is 23.6 mm and the tissue attenuation has been considered for two layers including skin and fat with thickness of 2 mm and 9.6 mm respectively. The computation is accomplished for one way-link UWB communication system with respect to FCC regulation, UWB antenna characteristic and Biological tissue model focusing on attenuation affects. The attenuation is based on the response of the transmitted incident power to reflection, absorption and thickness of the human tissue including frequency-dependent parameters such as permittivity and conductivity. Computer simulation results demonstrate the power comparison for two center frequencies in terms of bandwidth and attenuation. Since the lower band of UWB is suitable for radiation into the human body due to the greater penetration of signals, the results indicate that despite the increasing frequency from 3.5 GHz to 6.1 GHz, there is only minor power variations at the receiver.

INTRODUCTION Letting users speak commands to the systems they are interacting with has been tried in various domains. Examples include a range of computer applications, as well as more narrowly defined domains such as aircraft systems. Using speech to control computers has never caught on in a big way, however, and in aircraft it has been limited to a few special applications. Why? Isn’t it appealing to be able to simply say “justify” when doing word processing (instead of having to give that command through pressing a command key or making a selection from a menu)? Doesn’t it make a lot of sense to let a pilot concentrate her/his attention on the main job of flying instead of fumbling for the radio and manually setting it to the new frequency?