Constraint logic programming (CLP) is a generalization of logic programming where unification is replaced by constraint solving as the basic operation of the language. The combination of constraint solving and nondeterminism (approximated by backtracking) makes these languages appealing for a variety of combinatorial search problems. Existing CLP languages support backtracking by generalizing traditional Prolog implementations: modifications to the constraint system are trailed and restored on backtracking. Although simple and efficient, trailing may be very demanding in memory space, since the constraint system may potentially be saved at each choice point. This paper proposes a fundamentally new implementation scheme for backtracking in CLP languages over linear (rational or real) arithmetic. The new scheme, called semantic backtracking, does not use trailing but rather exploits the semantics of the constraints to undo the effect of newly added constraints. Semantic backtracking reduces the space complexity by an order of magnitude compared to implementations based on trailing and makes space complexity essentially independent of the number of choice points. In addition, semantic backtracking introduces negligible space and time overhead on deterministic programs. The price for this improvement is an increase in backtracking time, although constraint-solving time may actually decrease. The scheme has been implemented as part of a complete CLP system CLP(RLin) and compared analytically and experimentally with an optimized trailing implementation. Experimental results indicate that semantic backtracking produces significant reduction in memory space, while keeping the time overhead reasonably small.

Abstract With the increasing proliferation of computer networks and distributed systems, there is a growing number of applications using multicast communication. This paper presents the Vartalaap system developed at IIT, Bombay. Vartalaap is an hierarchical distributed system for multicast communication over a network, implemented in a hardware‐independent fashion. The multicast is achieved without resorting to unnecessary broadcasting of messages over the network. Issues covered in this paper include the primitives for multicast, the multicast model and the system architecture. We discuss the implementation of Vartalaap and compare it with some other systems. We conclude with a discussion on the limitations of the current implementation and directions for future work.