Existing class imbalance learning paradigms focus on lifting the importance of minority instance, aiming to improve the model in terms of certain evaluation metrics (e.g., AUC and$F_{1}$-measure). One drawback of these methods is that they lack enough transparency, hence, cannot be fully trusted in vital domains. To this end, this paper deal with the class imbalance learning task with counterfactual instances. Given an instance and a classifier, a counterfactual is a fake instance which, while having smallest distance to the original instance, is classified as a different class by the classifier. Therefore, the most important features for a classifier can be identified by inspecting the difference between an instance and its counterfactual. To utilize counterfactuals, a novel Explainable Generative Adversarial Network (EXGAN) is proposed. EXGAN has a unique “two generatorsversusmultiple discriminators” architecture where the generators are used to generate effective counterfactuals and discriminators are trained for the class imbalance learning task. In addition to the architecture, an innovative ensemble loss function ensuring each discriminator complementing each other is designed to overcome the class imbalance issue. Extensive experiments prove that the counterfactuals generated by EXGAN can be used to produce effective local explanation and provide significant better class imbalance learning ability than existing competitors.

Speech-based cognitive load modeling recently proposed in English have enabled objective, quantitative and unobtrusive evaluation of cognitive load without extra equipment. However, no evidence indicates that these techniques could be applied to speech data in other languages without modification. In this study, a modified Stroop Test and a Reading Span Task were conducted to collect speech data in English and Chinese respectively, from which twenty non-linguistic features were extracted to investigate whether they were language dependent. Some discriminating speech features were observed language dependent, which serves as an evidence that there is a necessity to adapt speech-based cognitive load detection techniques to diverse language contexts for a higher performance.