Financial institutions face significant challenges in their efforts to prevent money laundering and terrorist financing due to criminals’ continuously evolving techniques and the vast volume of transactions that need to be processed. The traditional rules-based methods utilised in banks produce high false positive rates, which lead to increased costs and inefficiencies. This study identified the perspectives of 8 anti-money laundering (AML) specialists on the current state and potential improvements in transaction monitoring methods. The results provide in-depth knowledge of the problems and requirements for researchers and practitioners. Semi-structured interviews conducted with the AML experts (totalling 480 min) identified the challenges, requirements for successful implementation, and future trends in transaction monitoring. The findings reveal a growing interest in machine learning and artificial intelligence to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of current approaches. Furthermore, innovative methods such as graph analysis and anomaly detection were suggested to overcome the limitations of rule-based systems. Requirements such as explainability, flexibility, and identifying new risks were extracted and analysed. This research contributes to the existing literature by providing valuable insights from industry experts, guiding the development of advanced transaction monitoring methods, and addressing the disconnect and lack of studies between industries and academicians in the domain.

Purpose Railways are a well-known example of complex critical infrastructure, incorporating socio-technical systems with humans such as drivers, signallers, maintainers and passengers at the core. The technological evolution including interconnectedness and new ways of interaction lead to new security and safety risks that can be realised, both in terms of human error, and malicious and non-malicious behaviour. This study aims to identify the human factors (HF) and cyber-security risks relating to the role of signallers on the railways and explores strategies for the improvement of “Digital Resilience” – for the concept of a resilient railway. Design/methodology/approach Overall, 26 interviews were conducted with 21 participants from industry and academia. Findings The results showed that due to increased automation, both cyber-related threats and human error can impact signallers’ day-to-day operations – directly or indirectly (e.g. workload and safety-critical communications) – which could disrupt the railway services and potentially lead to safety-related catastrophic consequences. This study identifies cyber-related problems, including external threats; engineers not considering the human element in designs when specifying security controls; lack of security awareness among the rail industry; training gaps; organisational issues; and many unknown “unknowns”. Originality/value The authors discuss socio-technical principles through a hexagonal socio-technical framework and training needs analysis to mitigate against cyber-security issues and identify the predictive training needs of the signallers. This is supported by a systematic approach which considers both, safety and security factors, rather than waiting to learn from a cyber-attack retrospectively.

The term System of Systems (SoS) is used to describe the coming together of independent systems, collaborating to achieve a new or higher purpose. However, the SoS concept is often misunderstood within operational environments, providing challenges towards the secure design and operation of SoSs. Limitations in existing literature indicates a need for discovery towards identifying a combination of concepts, models, and techniques suitable for assessing SoS security risk and related human factor concerns for SoS Requirements Engineering. In this article, we present OASoSIS, representing an information security risk assessment and modelling process to assist risk-based decision making in SoS Requirements Engineering. A characterisation process is introduced to capture the SoS context, supporting a SoS security risk assessment process that extends OCTAVE Allegro towards a SoS context. Resulting risk data provides a focused means to assess and model the SoS information security risk and related human factors, integrating tool-support using CAIRIS. A medical evacuation SoS case study scenario was used to test, illustrate, and validate the alignment of concepts, models, and techniques for assessing SoS information security risks with OASoSIS, where findings provide a positive basis for future work.

Abstract The System Usability Scale (SuS) survey is a widely respected tool for measuring usability. Generally, a SuS score is administered directly after a usability test to assess the usability and user experience of digital products. However, some researchers have used SuS as a survey as part of longitudinal ‘in the wild’ trials where SuS is often completed some period after the trial. The aim of this research was to determine if a participant’s memory of a product’s usability would change if a SuS survey was administered at different times after a test. Hence, we sought to understand if recalling the usability of a digital technology was affected by temporal bias or memory decay. This paper includes results and findings from two studies, study 1 involved evaluating a web application and study 2 involved evaluating a virtual learning environment. Collectively the two studies had 212 participants (n = 212). The findings conclude that there is no significant change of the user’s recollection of the usability of digital product as evidenced by an analysis of users who completed multiple SuS surveys over a short term period of 3 weeks or over an extended period of time of 6 months. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS The system usability scale is used to test for memory decay and temporal bias in judging the user experience of technologies at different time points. 212 participants took part in two studies ranging from 3 weeks to 6 months. There is no evidence that there is a temporal bias or memory decay when users complete a SuS survey at the two different time points of 3 weeks and 6 months.

ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems) are in-vehicle systems designed to enhance driving safety and comfort. Unlike active ADAS which provide direct intervention to avoid accidents, passive ADAS increase driver's awareness of hazardous situations by giving warnings in advance. It has been noted that these systems can cause distraction when the relevant HMIs (Human-Machine Interfaces) are poorly designed. Current research is limited to address this problem in specific settings which may not be applicable in wider context. This papers aims to provide a universal rule-based solution to allow passive ADAS to initiate warnings without triggering driver distraction through an ontological approach.

The threat of traffic analysis attacks against the Tor System is an acknowledged and open research issue, especially in critical infrastructures, motivating the need for continuous research into the potential attacks and countermeasures against this threat. This paper aims to provide an in-depth study into the driving technical mechanisms of the current state-of-art Tor System (Browser Bundle and Network) that aim to provide its benefits to anonymity and privacy online. This work presents the countermeasures that have been proposed and/or implemented against such attacks, in a collated evaluation to determine their effectiveness, suitability to Tor Project, and its design aims/goals.

The Royal Bournemouth and Christchurch Hospitals (RBCH) use a series of paper forms to record their interactions with patients; while these have been highly successful, the world is moving digitally and the National Health Service (NHS) has planned to be completely paperless by 2020. Using a project management methodology called Scrum that is supported by a usability evaluation technique called System Usability Scale (SUS) and a workload measurement technique called NASA TLX, a prototype web application system was built and evaluated for the client. The prototype used a varied set of input mediums including voice, text and stylus to ensure that users were more likely to adopt the system. This web based system was successfully developed and evaluated at RBCH. This evaluation showed that the application was usable and accessible but raised many different questions about the nature of software in hospitals. While the project looked at how different input mediums can be used in a hospital, it found that just because it is possible to input data is some familiar format (e.g. voice), it is not always in the best interest of the end-users and the patients.

The term System of Systems (SoS) is often used to classify an arrangement of independent and interdependent systems delivering unique capabilities. There appear to be many examples of SoSs, but the term has become a source of confusion. While many approaches have been proposed for engineering SoSs, there are few illustrative examples demonstrating their initial classification and resulting SoS structure. This paper presents an approach for framing a candidate SoS using the Afghan Mission Network defined as an Acknowledged SoS, and presents issues associated with SoSs stakeholders, human factors and interoperability considerations resulting from such an approach.

A characterization of a pervasive system of systems (SoS) called the SmartPowerchair is presented, integrating pervasive technologies into a standard powered wheelchair (powerchair). The SmartPowerchair can be characterized as a SoS due to focusing on selection of the correct combination of independent and interoperable systems that are networked for a period of time to achieve the specific overall goal of enhancing the quality of life for people with disability. A high-level 2-D SoS model for the SmartPowerchair is developed to illustrate the different SoS lifecycle stages and levels. The results from a requirements elicitation study consisting of a survey targeting powerchair users were the input to a hierarchical task analysis defining the supported tasks of the SmartPowerchair. The system architecture of one constituent system (SmartATRS) is described as well as the results of a usability evaluation containing workload measurements. The establishment of the SmartAbility framework was the outcome of the evaluation results that concluded range of movement (ROM) was the determinant of suitable technologies for people with disability. The framework illustrates how a SoS approach can be applied to disability to recommend interaction mediums, technologies, and tasks depending on the disability, impairments, and ROM of the user. The approach, therefore, creates a “recommender system” by viewing disability type, impairments, ROM, interaction medium, technologies, and tasks as constituent systems that interact together in a SoS.

Due to an increasingly connected society and industry, our modern societal world and all industry sectors now increasingly depend on large-scale complex Systems of Systems (SoS). The emerging interdisciplinary area of SoS and Systems of Systems Engineering (SoSE) is largely driven by societal needs including public services such as health, transport, water, energy, food security, etc. The scale, complexities and challenges presented by SoS require us to go beyond traditional Requirements Engineering (RE) approaches. However, as is evident from publications in major Requirements Engineering conferences and journals, no significant effort has been expedited towards addressing specific RE issues for Systems of Systems Engineering. This panel explores key RE challenges in Systems of Systems Engineering, specifically, the areas in which the international RE community need to focus its research, and the approaches that are most likely to meet these challenges effectively. We first introduce Systems of Systems Engineering and outline key characteristics of SoS. We conclude by arguing that there is an urgent need for the global RE community to develop new ways of thinking, new capabilities and possibly a new science as a key mechanism for addressing requirements complexities posed by Systems of Systems.

The large-scale Systems of Systems (SoS) are there to improve the provision of societal services. These are driven by global drivers such as population growth, aging, food security, energy security and climate change. However, a considerable number of SoS projects resulted in failures, causing detrimental economic impact. This paper presents a set of preliminary results from an European Commission (EC) funded project called T-AREA-SoS (Trans-Atlantic Research and Education Agenda on Systems of Systems). The primary purpose of T-AREA-SoS is to provide input to EC's 80 billion Horizon 2020 research programme in formulating a Strategic Research Agenda for Systems of Systems Engineering (SoSE) that spans American and European activities. An initial set of prioritised SoSE research elements derived from an online survey are discussed from an economic and societal stance using examples from heterogeneous sectors such as transport, energy and manufacturing.

Systems of Systems (SoS) can be described as a class of complex systems whose constituents are, themselves, complex [1]. They are characterised [2] as being composed of many heterogeneous systems that are geographically distributed; independently managed and/or operated; evolve over time; and exhibit emergent behaviour. There is a need to better understand the enterprise nature of the domains (e.g. defence, utilities, and transport) to enable human participants in such systems to cope more effectively with the increase in complexity that SoS imply. Current methods and approaches in Human Factors (HF) are inadequate in addressing SoS aspects associated with technical and organisational complexity. In this paper we argue that there is an urgent need to develop HF capabilities as a key mechanism for coping with the complexity of SoS.