Abstract Gamification is increasingly used to make non-game contexts more engaging, yet integrating its elements into professional training applications often requires significant development effort. This work introduces GaToo (from “Gamification Tool”), a modular and reusable gamification plugin built for the Unity engine, designed to simplify this process and reduce the need for custom implementation. The plugin provides a structured set of components, including missions, steps, challenges and achievements, together with a base editor interface that facilitates configuration and management. To ensure broad applicability, it also includes complementary mechanisms that enable integration both in applications still under development and in existing applications, depending on the level of access to their source code. A preliminary study with 15 experienced Unity users was conducted to assess the usability of the plugin interface. The results indicated a score of 82 on the System Usability Scale, considered ’Excellent,’ supporting the ease of use of the plugin editor. By offering a flexible and extensible solution, the plugin allows developers and researchers to concentrate on the design and evaluation of gamification strategies, while minimizing the technical overhead of implementation.

Empirical studies of human mobility patterns reveal a high degree of spatio-temporal regularity, with individuals frequently traveling to the same destinations at relatively the same time. Moreover, the vehicle frequently transports the same occupants carrying specific objects. Indeed, there is a rich body of work on predicting users’ future destinations. However, existing computational approaches primarily rely on offline learning methods that require stationary data distributions, thus not accounting for situations in which traveling habits may change over time. The present research focuses on individual mobility prediction for an advanced driver assistance system within the In-Vehicle Information Systems domain. Specifically, we propose a novel approach based on the framework of Dynamic Neural Fields that learns the traveling routines of a vehicle, including the drivers, passengers, and objects. In our neurodynamics approach, the learning takes place continually and online, allowing the system to accommodate changes in traveling habits over time. The proposed strategy goes beyond learning the mobility routines of a vehicle, enabling predictive assistance for questions like When is the next departure? Where to go? but also extended assistance such as predicting Who is the next driver? Which passengers/objects will enter/leave? We evaluate the performance of the approach in predicting trip information on 11-week datasets of real traveling routines. A vehicle with such cognitive abilities has the potential to improve drivers’ readiness, enhance trip comfort, and prevent objects from being forgotten.

This paper proposes a solution for safe navigation of stacker vehicles in workspaces shared with people, with a focus on the docking manoeuvres for pallet picking and dropping. Behaviours for way-point and wall following are developed following the attractor dynamics approach. Then, these behaviours are orchestrated by state machines (that activate or deactivate them) depending on the specific task. Each of these states also defines different safe areas and maximum travel speeds, which is a requirement for safe operation. Results of real experiments are presented that show the standard operation and its robustness against perturbations (people in the way) and failure detection (missing pallets).

An automatic algorithm to identify Standard Denavit-Hartenberg parameters of serial manipulators is proposed. The method is based on geometric operations and dual vector algebra to process and determine the relative transformation matrices, from which it is computed the Standard Denavit-Hartenberg (DH) parameters (ai, ai, di, θi). The algorithm was tested in several serial robotic manipulators with varying kinematic structures and joint types: the KUKA LBR iiwa R800, the Rethink Robotics Sawyer, the ABB IRB 140, the Universal Robots UR3, the KINOVA MICO, and the Omron Cobra 650. For all these robotic manipulators, the proposed algorithm was capable of correctly identifying a set of DH parameters. The algorithm source code as well as the test scenarios are publicly available.

We present a motion controller that generates collision free trajectories for autonomous Tugger vehicles operating in dynamic factory environments, where human operators may coexist. The controller is formalized as a dynamic system of path velocity and heading direction, whose vector fields change as sensory information varies. By design the parameters are tuned so that the control variables are close to an attractor of the resultant dynamics most of the time. This contributes to the overall asymptotically stability of the system and makes it robust against perturbations. We present several experiments, in a real factory environment, that highlight different innovative features of the navigation system - flexible and safe solutions for human-aware autonomous navigation in dynamic and cluttered environments. This means, besides generating online collision free trajectories between via points, the system detects the presence of humans, interact with them showing awareness of their presence, and generate adequate motor behavior.

We present a distributed leader-helper architecture for teams of two autonomous mobile robots that jointly transport large payloads while avoiding collisions with obstacles (either static or dynamic). The leader navigates to the goal destination and the helper is responsible for maintaining an appropriate distance (which is a function of the object's length) to the leader. Both robots share the responsibility of ensuring that the transported object does not collide with obstructions. No path needs to be given a priori to the robots nor to the payload. The team is able to perform its transportation task in unknown environments that can have corridors, corners and may change the layout online. The payload can be of different dimensions. The team is able to cope with abrupt/strong perturbations that challenge the team behavior during the execution of the task. These characteristics make this approach suitable to be deployed in warehouses or office-like environments. The motion of each robot is controlled by a time series asymptotically stable states, which is formalized using the attractor dynamics approach to behavior based robotics. The advantages are: (i) the overt behavior is smooth and stable; (ii) because the behavior is generated as a time sequence of attractor states, for the control variables, it contributes to the overall asymptotically stability of the system that makes it robust against perturbations. We present results of experiments in simulated environments and with real robots in real environments.

In this paper, we show how a team of autonomous mobile robots, which drive in formation, can be endowed with basic cognitive capabilities. The formation control relies on the leader-follower strategy, with three main pair-wise configurations: column, line and oblique. Furthermore, non-linear attractor dynamics are used to generate basic robotic behaviors (i.e. follow-the-leader and avoid obstacles). The control architecture of each follower integrates a representation of the leader (target) direction, which supports leader detection, selection between multiple leaders (decision) and temporary estimation of leader direction (short-term memory during occlusion and prediction). Formalized as a dynamic neural field, this additional layer is smoothly integrated with the motor movement control system. Experiments conducted in our 3D simulation software, as well as results from the implementation in middle size robotic platforms, show the ability for the team to navigate, whilst keeping formation, through unknown and unstructured environments and is robust against ambiguous and temporarily absent sensory information.

In this paper we focus on the problem of assigning robots to places in a desired formation, considering random initial locations of the robots. Since we use a leader-follower strategy, we also address the task of choosing the leader to each follower. The result is a formation matrix that describes the relation between the robots and the desired formation shape. Simple algorithms are defined, that are based on the minimization of the distances of robots to places in the formation. All these algorithms are implemented in a decentralized way. We assume that communication is possible, but the requirements are of very-low bandwidth.

We show how non-linear attractor dynamics can be used to implement robot formations in unknown environments. The desired formation geometry is given through a matrix where the parameters in each line (its leader, desired distance and relative orientation to the leader) define the desired pose of a robot in the formation. The parameter values are then used to shape the vector fields of the dynamical systems that generate values for the control variables (i.e. heading direction and path velocity). Then these dynamical systems are tuned such that the control variables are always very close to one of the resultant attractors. The advantage is that the systems are more robust against perturbations because the behavior is generated as a time series of asymptotically stable states. Experimental results (with three Khepera robots) demonstrate the ability of the team to create and stabilize the formation, as well as avoiding obstacles. Flexibility is achieved in that as the senses world changes, the systems may change their planning solutions continuously but also discontinuously (tuning the formation versus split to avoid obstacle).

In this paper we focus on modelling formations of non-holonomic mobile robots using non-linear attractor dynamics (see video). The benefit is that the behavior of each robot is generated by time series of asymptotically stable states, which therefore contribute to the robustness against environmental perturbations. This study extends our previous work [S Monteiro et al., 2002]. Here we develop a set of decentralized and distributed basic control architectures that allows each robot to maintain a desired pose within a formation and to enable changes in the shape of the formation which are necessary to avoid obstacles. Simulation results, for teams of four and six mobile robots driving in cluttered and unknown environments, while simultaneously trying to drive in line, column, square, diamond and hexagon are presented. We explain how this approach naturally extends to larger teams of robots.

The dynamical systems theory is used here as a theoretical language and tool to design a distributed control architecture that generates navigation in formation, integrated with obstacle avoidance, for a team of three autonomous robots. In this approach the level of modeling is at the level of behaviors. A "dynamics" of behavior is defined over a state-space of behavioral variables. The environment is also modeled in these terms by representing task constraints as attractors (i.e., asymptotically stable states) or repellers (i.e., unstable states) of behavioral dynamics. For each robot attractors and repellers are combined into a vector field that governs the behavior. The resulting dynamical systems that generate the behavior of the robots are nonlinear. Computer simulations support the validity of our dynamic model architectures.