In this paper, an AI tool based on a Large Language Model is presented to generate the mandatory TEDS of the IEEE 1451 standard. The TEDS generation process is a challenging process that requires a comprehensive knowledge of the IEEE 1451 and TEDS format. Currently, the process is manual, with entering the required data and choosing a TEDS template. However, in order to simplify the process, an AI tool is proposed to receive the user’s data in a simple text entry format and generate the binary codes automatically. This tool is presented in this paper along with some examples to demonstrate the feasibility of the process.

Accurate reconstruction of velocity and pressure fields in fluid flows is essential for monitoring and control in industrial systems. Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) have emerged as powerful tools to infer hidden flow quantities by embedding physical laws directly into the deep learning process. However, reconstructing such fields remains particularly challenging due to their indirect nature and high sensitivity to sensor placement. This work introduces a gradient-weighted probabilistic sensor placement strategy within a sparse and decoupled supervision framework for PINNs. Instead of uniformly or deterministically selecting measurement points, the method assigns sampling probabilities based on the local gradient magnitudes of each target variable. This enables strategic allocation of sensors in physically informative regions while maintaining variable-specific sparse supervision. The approach is tested on a two-dimensional turbulent T-junction case, where it significantly improves reconstruction accuracy, particularly for the pressure field. Compared to the baseline strategy used in [1], the $\mathcal{L}_2$ error for pressure is reduced from 0.278 to 0.142, for transverse velocity from 0.144 to 0.094, and for streamwise velocity from 0.084 to 0.046. These results represent reductions of approximately 45–50% in the most challenging variables, highlighting the effectiveness of gradient-informed sensor strategies in enhancing PINN-based flow reconstruction.

The technical standards are employed in everyday tasks, such as connecting to the internet or to nearby devices. The process to learn a new technical standard is difficult and needs time, as the standards have complex documentation that needs to be understood and comprehended. Based on that, a new proposed Web-based educational tool for e-learning has been developed to allow students and professors to speed up the learning curve for the IEEE 1451 family of standards using an interactive method, where the users fill in the fields with some inputs, and the tool shows its results in real time. This tool enables users to learn the IEEE 1451 Transducer Electronic Data Sheets (TEDS), the network service and transducer service messages from the IEEE 1451 Application (APP) to the IEEE 1451 Network Capable Application Processor (NCAP) and the NCAP to the Transducer Interface Module (TIM), respectively. The tool has been tested in the last two years by IEEE 1451 community members, professors, and students. Initial feedback suggests that this Web-based tool enhances the learning process and a deeper understanding of the IEEE 1451 family of standards, offering a promising approach to technical standards education.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is highly heterogeneous regarding smart sensors/devices, connectivity, communication protocols, and data formats. The major challenges of IoT ecosystems are fragmentation (or disintegration) and cross-domain interoperability. To overcome the challenges of interoperability, standardized interfaces and protocols, harmonized interactions, and interoperability testing are essential. This paper introduces a harmonization model of interactions among IoT devices with diverse interfaces/connectivity and communication protocols to achieve interoperability by harmonizing their interactions. A harmonization implementation of interactions of the IEEE 1451-based IoT devices and MODBUS devices has been provided in the paper to test and verify that the proposed harmonization model works well. This harmonization model and implementation of interactions among IoT devices will provide a solid foundation for the IEEE P1451.99 standard specification.

In this paper, a new model for the design and development of distributed control and measurement systems will be presented. The system is based on IEC 61499 and IEEE 1451 standards to benefit from the features they offer. The robust distributed control mechanism of IEC 61499 compliments the advanced plug-and-play feature of IEEE 1451 at the transducer level. The proposed employs the Unified Modelling Language (UML) for an earthquake detection system as a case study. System requirements, design and development, and implementation are the three phases of the model at two levels of Cyber and Physical. This will allow the user to visualize the whole system that can be adopted for any application. Several UML diagrams are used in order to facilitate the design process at different levels of abstraction.

Water distribution networks (WDNs) are critical infrastructure, delivering a vital resource yet facing challenges in monitoring and maintaining optimal performance. This paper proposes a new methodology to develop a softsensor (SS) for WDNs that leverages the power of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). The proposed softsensor integrates the digital twin of the WDN, a virtual replica that mirrors the physical network. This approach minimizes the physical sensors needed for data acquisition, reducing hardware costs and maintenance complexities. The ANN is trained using a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) dataset, capturing the intricate hydraulic behavior of the WDN. This ANN-based softsensor offers unique advantages. Unlike traditional sensors that provide data for specific locations, the ANN can estimate parameters at different network points based on a single unknown value queried. Our evaluation reveals a remarkable accuracy of 99%, signifying a significant advancement in predictive capabilities for WDNs. Real-time monitoring, anomaly detection, and proactive maintenance strategies can benefit from the proposed methodology.

Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystems are highly heterogeneous regarding smart sensors/devices, connectivity, communication protocols, data formats, and platforms. The major challenges of IoT ecosystems are fragmentation or disintegration and cross-domain interoperability. The Web of Things (WoT) integrates the IoT with Web technologies to address these IoT challenges. Semantic WoT (SWoT) integrates the WoT with Semantic Web technologies to achieve semantic interoperability of IoT ecosystems. Aiming to promote semantic communication, thus achieving semantic interoperability of the IEEE 1451.0based sensor networks for IoT applications, this paper introduces the IEEE 1451.0-based WoT ontology. An IEEE 1451.0-based WoT thing model is developed based on the combination of the IoT thing capability model and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) WoT thing model. The IEEE 1451.0-based WoT thing model consists of identification and context, behaviors, properties and data schema, security, time synchronization and protocol bindings for IEEE 1451 WoT Things – e.g., network-capable application processors (NCAP), application (APP), transducer interface modules (TIM), and smart transducers (sensors and/or actuators). A WoT thing description (TD) example of an IEEE 1451.0-based smart sensor is provided in the paper to verify the developed IEEE 1451.0-based WoT ontology.

Distributed control and measurement systems are robust and flexible thanks to their reconfigurability and plug-and-play characteristics. IEC 61499 and IEEE 1451 standards are proposed for distributed and plug-and-play control and measurement systems. However, IEC 61499 standards do not provide an integration guideline at the transducer level, and at the same time, IEEE 1451 lacks a robust control mechanism similar to the one IEC 61499 provides. For these reasons, introducing the Transducer Interface Module defined by IEEE 1451 will enhance the reconfigurability and plug-and-play characteristics of the IEC 61499 at the sensors and actuators level. This paper presents the integration phase of a Transducer Interface Module into the IEC 61499 standard. A temperature-controlling system, which is fully IEC 61499- and IEEE 1451-compliant, is implemented and discussed.

In the last decades, smart sensor networks have become a vital component of society. It has been used over the past years to develop ways to create smart sensor networks in which every smart sensor can communicate its main parameters to the others in the network. In this way, the IEEE 1451 family of standards is becoming significantly used in several fields to establish a communication protocol between smart sensors. This family of standards has been expanded over the last decades with new standards introducing novelties regarding the various aspects of communication between smart sensors. This paper discusses using acoustic waves to transmit data between user applications and smart sensors over metallic-made structures. The possibility of sending modulated signals with an OOK digital modulation is also presented. Finally, the work shows an experimental setup to characterize, from an acoustic propagation point of view, the communication channel.

The construction of Smart Cities brings together a diversity of resources and infrastructures that, by definition, need to be interconnected. Smart transducers are infrastructures' building blocks. Features such as device clustering, plug-and-play, self-identification, or interoperability must be present in elements that integrate infrastructures belonging to a Smart City. The most appropriate solution is to adopt a standard. The IEEE 1451 standard is a solution that, due to its characteristics, has a high potential for application in the development of transducers that find applicability in Smart Cities. A mobility service based on electric bicycles, integrated into a loan service, demonstrates the concept. In addition to managing bicycles' loans, the service allows monitoring the amount of energy available in the battery and the environmental ambient air quality. Through the mobility platform, it is possible to conclude the effectiveness of the IEEE 1451 standard as a solution that significantly contributes to the success of the concepts associated with Smart Cities.

Interoperability is an essential key in the Industrial Internet of Things and Industry 4.0, enabling devices and equipment from different vendors to share information and knowledge. Levels of interoperability go from a simple connection between devices to complex semantic levels of connectivity. Semantic connectivity enables information sharing between systems with unambiguous meaning, which is ideal for communication in the industry. It can solve interoperability issues, tool development, and service implementation. A reference architecture model presents an architecture to solve the interoperability problem focusing on standards to allow the connections between the devices and systems. This work presents a development of the proposed ontology developed based on the IEEE 1451 family of standards. The final result finds applications solving semantic level issues, adding linked data, and enabling interoperability with or without a reference architecture model.

This paper focuses on the interoperability of smart devices (sensor and actuators) in the context of the Industrial Internet of Things. IEC 61499 and IEEE 1451 standards are employed to implement a distributed control and measurement system. It addresses how two standards can interoperate and communicate efficiently by complementing each other. Both standards share common properties which are the essential elements of any IoT system. The Message Queue Telemetry Protocols (MQTT) is utilized to provide an interoperable network interface between the IEEE 1451 family of standards and the IEC 61499 standard. An interoperability test platform is provided to show how both standards communicate efficiently for a simple read/ write automation process.

Indoor tracking solutions of objects and people have gained significant interest in different scenarios and for a wide range of applications. On one end, the ability to detect and locate moving objects is a plus. On the other end, the amount of energy needed to power the tags poses some limitations to its operation. Moreover, as energy harvesting solutions are not always suited, the tags are usually powered by batteries, thus needing recharge or replacement. Therefore, monitoring and estimation of the energy consumption of the tags are required to operate correctly. This contribution presents an experimental setup and methodology to collect data on energy consumption of the tag, using Bluetooth Low Energy (Bluetooth 5.0) for different operation modes, namely the transmission power and the data rate. This methodology allows the estimation of energy needs according to the requirements and adopts energy-saving strategies. The experimental setup uses the Silicon Labs EFR32BG13 family and performs energy measurements via the Simplicity Studio 5 Energy Profiler and the X-NUCLEO-LPM01A board for comparison purposes. The results obtained are presented and discussed.

With the active development of IES in standards since the mid-2010s, the society has made considerable progress with multiple standards’ developments. This paper presents the results of engaging in standards’ development within and across borders of an IEEE society. In particular, the hands-on INTEROP Plugfests, coupled with the CoEs, provide platforms to create ideas for standards, develop standards, initiate interoperability among multiple vendors, providing competitive time-to-market advantage for involved industry partners.

Energy availability at wireless transducer nodes is an essential requirement to observe at the network development stage. Know the amount of energy that should be present at the transducer node, at a specific time, to perform a predefined task, will contribute to the understanding of how much efficient the energy management should be. Energetic evaluation of transducers, with different internal structures, allows to conclude about the requirements. An operating model to support network devices with energy restrictions is proposed and discussed. An experimental setup assesses the proposal's performance and how it contributes to improving energy efficiency at the transducer node.

Interoperability is one of the important characteristics of the Internet of Things. The interoperability enables smart things to exchange data in different areas with different levels of interoperability. Industrial Internet of Things is one of them, and it has the focus in the manufacturing process and connected with other associated ideas as Industry 4.0, Cyber-Physical Systems, and Cyber-Physical Production Systems. It is mandatory to define reference architectures models to manage the Industry 4.0 and the Industrial Internet of Things. The reference models enable semantic interoperability. A reference model provides a bottom/top view of an industrial process, going from the business to the physical layer. At the physical layer, it is necessary to combine physical things with digital world representations, extending its functionalities in the manufacturing process. IEEE 1451 family standards has the essential characteristics to support the exchange of information between IoT applications and sensors & actuators, allowing the industry to build digital elements and meets the Industry 4.0 requirements. This paper presents the reference models proposed for Industry 4.0, taking as reference the implementation and adoption of the IEEE 1451 standard as an option to acquire data and communicates inside of an industrial process. However, at this point, IEEE 1451 enables to achieve the syntactic level of interoperability, in this paper is discussed how to achieve the semantic level of interoperability using the IEEE 1451 family of standards.

The quality of water supplied to the human populations should be under continuous monitorization to detect possible threats to the consumer or infrastructure. The measurement of water's pH allows to conclude about water quality. Solar thermal energy harvesting and consequent conversion into electrical energy, after properly regulated, allows to power an intelligent sensor to measure the pH values of water. The adoption of the IEEE1451 standard allows the smart sensor, through the services provided by this standard, integrate a sensor network and cooperate with other elements of the network to maximize the functionality and overall efficiency of the water distribution system.

With the demand for greener urban mobility solutions, cities are implementing bike-sharing systems to reduce the usage of combustion engine vehicles and, at same time, promote physical activities. This concept presents itself as a good scenario to the implementation of wireless sensors network on bicycles due to its features: mobile transducers, different sensors and data, and system architecture. This paper discusses the scenario of an e-bike sharing infrastructure that implements a network of transducers following the guidelines from IEEE 1451 standards, highlighting the implementation its details. The development of network compliant with this family of standards promotes the implementation of features such as interoperability, connectivity, scalability, and plug-and-play on new devices and systems.

The evolution of Information and Communication Technologies and the increasing smartness of instrumentation is leading the industrial sector to evolve and reach the 4th generation of the industry. The standardization will support the technological evolution leading the industry to the Factory of the Future. The IEEE 1451 family of standards was developed to enhance the implementation of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) able to communicate with the network, and so lead to the Internet of Things. In several phases of product development, the control and measurement tasks are needed and WSN can be implemented to reduce men hours and increase the accuracy of the measurements. In this context, this paper discusses a wireless sensor network in an automotive factory environment, and presents how the standard can be applied to the painting process. This is a work in progress, so in this paper is discussed the implementation of the family of standards and what are the advantages of using standardized sensor networks.

Technological advancements are allowing the development of smart sensing devices with extremely low energy requirements. An emerging trend is the powering of smart sensors with energy harvested from the operating environment. Simultaneously, the task performed by a sensing node can be performed by a microprocessor with low computational resources. Energy demand of the devices is also decreasing by the adoption of advanced operating methods and energy management strategies. For devices to interoperate efficiently together, the design and operation need to follow standardization methods.

The water-energy nexus plays a significant role on society and on the industrial panorama. Creating a network of self-powered smart sensors for quality evaluation on wastewater treatment stations would allow for major automation of this process while decreasing its energy dependence. Current technology allows energy harvesting from wastewater with Microbial Fuel Cells. This work reports on the construction and evaluation of a single-chamber air-cathode microbial fuel cell for power production. Around 900 mW.m-2of power was retrieved from this source and used on a low power energy harvesting kit after leveled up on a voltage booster. The sensing system is developed around a low power microcontroller.

The exploitation of water resources requires infrastructures with characteristics of diversified complexity, wide geographic coverage and difficult to access. The water cycle includes processes for water abstraction, transportation, storage, distribution, and wastewater treatment and disposal. Wireless smart sensor networks are essential in the optimization and integrated management of these infrastructures. Energy availability at the sensor node is a necessary condition for the success of a wireless smart sensor network. Harvesting energy from sensor’s node environment allows it to operate without energy restrictions, enhancing its usage. Three energy harvest solutions specially adapted to water systems are proposed. The kinetic energy of vibrations induced in water pipes, and converted by electromagnetic or piezoelectric transducers is one of the proposed solutions. Another solution uses a thermoelectric generator that produces electrical energy using the Seebeck effect from the temperature difference between a phase-change material, used to store solar thermal energy, and the water in a pipeline used as the heat sink.

Currently, the concept of smart cities and renewable energy are more consolidated and developed. With each passing day, new technological advances are emerging within both themes. At the same time, the water sector has becoming increasingly demanding in terms of quality and compliance with all existing legislation. That said, it is understandable that both sectors and their management entities come together in search of more sustainable operations that go against the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, decentralization of energy production and the improvement of efficiency, quality and use of resources. It is important to understand the synergies between water and energy to contradict what has been said so far about the increasing demand for energy, its exponential trend and the negative repercussions on freshwater resources. As such, this article aims to address the interconnection between both sectors to promote alternative scientific and technological improvements to the management and development of Integrated Water-Energy systems, while studying the dynamics between the theoretical development of the problem and the challenges of prototyping of such complex systems in real and urban context.

Smart cities and smart homes are driving economic growth and improving the quality of people's life by enabling local development and harnessing technologies, especially the ones leading to smart outcomes and connectivity. Application of smart solutions will enable human living environments to use technology, information and data to improve infrastructures and services in the behalf of human beings. The welfare of elderly people living alone, at their homes, or, in rest houses, can significantly be improved with the introduction of these smart solutions. Wireless indoor tracking of elderly people is an important feature together with the DLMS/COSEM protocol. Above all using low power devices to assist and monitoring them. The paper highlights implementation in the real world, proposing a method that can be suited in a large range of cases thanks to the scene analysis. An indoor scalable infrastructure allows the tracking method to be implemented incrementally with different performances, where optimal accuracy comes from an adaptable threshold. The method has been tested in different environments using both simulations and direct measurements. Result from the proposed method are compared with the KNN method.