This paper presents the design, analysis and characterization of a compliant mechanism that saves power for flapping-wing micro-air vehicles (FWMAV). The compliant mechanism is shaped after the insect's flight thorax, which has integrated elastic hinges for energy storage. It shows a nonlinearly increasing stiffness, which slows the wings down rapidly toward the end of a wing stroke and reverses the wings quickly, just like the elastic radial stop in Dipteran insects. When used to drive a 10-cm wing span FWMAV, it saves power up to 31% in comparison to a conventional rigid-body flapping mechanism, which have no elastic storage capability.

This paper presents the design, analysis, and characterization of a compliant thoracic mechanism that saves inertial power for flapping-wing micro air vehicles. Lightweight polyimide film hinges were previously integrated into a compliant flapping-wing mechanism to reduce friction. However, these were not stiff enough to fully recover wing's inertial energy into elastic energy. To store adequate elastic energy using film hinges, we develop a compliant thoracic mechanism with nonlinear stiffness characteristics by mimicking a Dipteran insect's flight thorax. This thoracic mechanism consists of rigid plates and polyimide film hinges connected to form a closed shell structure. It has a nonlinearly increasing stiffness so that it can slow the wings down rapidly toward the end stroke and subsequently help reverse the wings. It demonstrates almost full recovery of inertial power for 10-cm span flapping wings up to 25 Hz. As a result, it only expends 2% of the total mechanical power on inertial power at 25 Hz. In contrast, the rigid-body mechanism with no elastic storage expends 23% of the total mechanical power on inertial power when the same wings beat at the same frequency. With the capability of elastic energy storage, this compliant thoracic mechanism saves power expenditure ranging from 20 up to 30% to produce the same thrust, in comparison with the rigid-body flapping mechanism. This study shows that power saving is effective only if elastic energy storage is well tuned to recover the wing inertial power.

This paper presented a click mechanism, which is inspired by a Dipteran insect, for use in flapping-wing micro aerial vehicle. The clicking mechanism is integrated in a thorax-like compliant mechanism, which buckles and consequently produces a large wing stroke when driven by an electric motor. The thorax-like compliant mechanism can store elastic energy in flexible hinges and is good for storing kinetic energy expended during wing reversal. This work showed that clicking compliant mechanism produces more thrust per input power than a conventional non-clicking rigid-body mechanism. The clicking prototype weighs 3.58g, has 115° wing stroke, and is able to achieve hovering at 15.8Hz flapping frequency. The non-clicking prototype is lighter at 3.35g with a wingstroke of 100°, but could not achieve hover but could not achieve hovering even though driven by the same motor at a faster flapping frequency (16.2Hz) under the same driving voltage (4.9 V). The clicking prototype produces a thrust-to-power ratio of 2.17g/W, higher than 1.15g/W of the nonclicking counterpart.