Unattributed social networks are more complicated, and it tends not to determine the best division by over-optimizing a theoretical measure for unsupervised algorithms. Nowadays, communities strongly overlap due to the fact that people strongly interact, which makes community detection even more challenging. The paper develops a new algorithm by rearranging ‘indivisible’ blocks (RaidB). In RaidB, we first initialize ‘indivisible’ blocks by disjoint k-clique blocks in a network, and then these blocks are rearranged by moving nodes from one block to another based on maximizing modularity to uncover non-overlapping communities. For identifying overlapping communities, the above blocks are further rearranged, i.e., each block is subdivided and expanded to determine sub-blocks by introducing a dynamic linear threshold (DLT) model for influence interpenetration, and we finally determine a division from these sub-blocks with the minimum size that can cover the network. We compare RaidB with the existing state of the art methods for non-overlapping and overlapping community detection. The results show that RaidB tends to achieve better performance especially on sparse networks with unobvious communities and networks with strongly overlapping communities.

Cancer progression is dynamic, and tracking dynamic modules is promising for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Accumulated genomic data provide us an opportunity to investigate the underlying mechanisms of cancers. However, as far as we know, no algorithm has been designed for dynamic modules by integrating heterogeneous omics data. To address this issue, we propose an integrative framework for dynamic module detection based on regularized nonnegative matrix factorization method (DrNMF) by integrating the gene expression and protein interaction network. To remove the heterogeneity of genomic data, we divide the samples of expression profiles into groups to construct gene co-expression networks. To characterize the dynamics of modules, the temporal smoothness framework is adopted, in which the gene co-expression network at the previous stage and protein interaction network are incorporated into the objective function of DrNMF via regularization. The experimental results demonstrate that DrNMF is superior to state-of-the-art methods in terms of accuracy. For breast cancer data, the obtained dynamic modules are more enriched by the known pathways, and can be used to predict the stages of cancers and survival time of patients. The proposed model and algorithm provide an effective integrative analysis of heterogeneous genomic data for cancer progression.