Osteotomy holds a pivotal position among the fundamental procedures in craniomaxillofacial (CMF) surgery. However, there are inherent challenges and risks associated with ensuring the recuperation of occlusion, safeguarding the facial nerves and blood vessels, as well as preserving facial aesthetics. In this study, a non-invasive image-to-patient registration method for navigation/robotic CMF surgery based on intraoperative freehand ultrasound (US) 3D reconstruction is proposed. Building upon this, a CMF osteotomy robotic system with compliant human-robot interaction and osteotomy trajectory planning was devised. In the freehand US 3D reconstruction and registration experiments, the registration errors for human volunteers and phantoms were consistently less than 1 mm. In robot osteotomy experiments based on the resulting registration, the average osteotomy error was below 1.5 mm. The proposed US 3D reconstruction based registration method is non-invasive and radiation-free, and shows the promising accuracy which is suitable for CMF robotic or navigation systems.

Adaptive bitrate streaming (ABR) and quality of experience (QoE) metrics are proposed to enhance video streaming quality across various Internet connections. Traditional approaches to evaluating these metrics often ignore common user behaviors like seeking, jumping, or replaying video segments, leading to gaps in QoE understanding. Addressing this, we collected 229,178 audience retention curves from YouTube and Bilibili, offering a thorough view of viewer engagement and diverse watching styles. Our analysis reveals notable behavioral differences across countries, categories, and platforms. The YouTube data highlights varied content preferences, such as gaming and entertainment in some countries, and music, travel, and pets & animals in others. Additionally, Bilibili shows trends of early video abandonment, possibly influenced by platform-specific factors and shorter video formats. This enhanced grasp of user engagement aids in refining ABR and QoE metrics. We also highlight several potential applications of our dataset.

Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Security (TLS) are two secure protocols for creating secure connections over the Internet. X.509 certificate validation is important for security and needs to be performed before an SSL/TLS connection is established. Some advanced testing techniques, such as frankencert , have revealed, through randomly mutating Internet accessible certificates, that there exist unexpected, sometimes critical, validation differences among different SSL/TLS implementations. Despite these efforts, X.509 certificate validation still needs to be thoroughly tested as this work shows. This article tackles this challenge by proposing transcert , a coverage-directed technique to much more effectively test real-world certificate validation code. Our core insight is to (1) leverage easily accessible Internet certificates as seed certificates and (2) use code coverage to direct certificate mutation toward generating a set of diverse certificates. The generated certificates are then used to reveal discrepancies, thus potential flaws, among different certificate validation implementations. We implement transcert and evaluate it against frankencert , NEZHA , and RFCcert (three advanced fuzzing techniques) on five widely used SSL/TLS implementations. The evaluation results clearly show the strengths of transcert : During 10,000 iterations, transcert reveals 71 unique validation differences, 12×, 1.4×, and 7× as many as those revealed by frankencert , NEZHA , and RFCcert , respectively; it also supplements RFCcert in conformance testing of the SSL/TLS implementations against 120 validation rules, 85 of which are exclusively covered by transcert -generated certificates. We identify 17 root causes of validation differences, all of which have been confirmed and 11 have never been reported previously. The transcert -generated X.509 certificates also reveal that the primary goal of certificate chain validation is stated ambiguously in the widely adopted public key infrastructure standard RFC 5280.

SSL and TLS are two secure protocols for creating secure connections over the Internet. X.509 certificate validation is important for security and needs to be performed before an SSL/TLS connection is established. However, state-of-the-art testing techniques, such as frankencert and mucert, have revealed, through randomly mutating Internet accessible certificates, that there exist unexpected, sometimes critical, validation differences among different SSL/TLS implementations. Despite these strong efforts, certificate validation is still not thoroughly tested and more effective techniques are needed as this work shows. To this end, this paper introduces transcert, a novel approach for effectively guiding fuzzing to perform deep testing of X.509 certificate validation. The goal of transcert is to generate certificates that trigger diverse executions; it achieves this goal by introducing the concept of a coverage transfer graph to efficiently, precisely abstract program executions. In particular, it records the execution of how a given certificate is validated by a reference SSL/TLS implementation. It then constructs a coverage transfer graph to model the coverage transfer from a test certificate (seed) to its mutated certificates (mutants), and explores the coverage transfer graph by iteratively sampling and mutating certificates. We have implemented transcert and evaluated it against frankencert and mucert on four state-of-the-art SSL/TLS implementations. The evaluation results clearly show the strengths of transcert- during 10,000 iterations, transcert has revealed 3,469 validation differences, 8× as many as those revealed by frankencert and mucert. We have identified 11 root causes of validation differences, all of which have been confirmed and five have never been reported previously. We also found that the primary goal of certificate chain validation is stated ambiguously in the widely-adopted PKI standard RFC 5280.

Spatial thinking is a prevalent ability required in Science, Technology Engineering, and Math (STEM) domains, which suggests the importance of training spatial abilities. This study investigated a multimedia approach in terms of combing 3D animation and manipulation to train the spatial skills. 128 undergraduates recruited in the experiment revealed that the designed 3-D learning tool is a promising strategy to improve mental rotation with the help of 3D animation and embodied learning.

Video-based learning has gained popularity in higher education in recent years. Danmaku video is a kind of video where the screen is overlaid with user comments. In this study, the user comments consist of ideas and explanations about important concepts in the video, thus providing domain-specific knowledge and reducing the cognitive load for comprehension. This study tries to understand the effect of the danmaku video compared to with the normal video. Two groups of sophomore students (N= 20) were exposed to digital videos with or without danmaku. Both groups took part in a pre-and post-test on the topic of the given video. Time-locked eye movements were recorded to characterize participants' attention allocation to the Area of Interest (AOIs) consisting of danmaku, subtitles and teacher's face across the learning period. The results showed that danmaku video group outperformed the normal video group based on the increment of pre-and post-tests. Further, the percentage of fixation duration on each of the AOI was analyzed, and a significant difference was found in the amount of attention paid on different AOIs. The purpose of this study is focused on exploring the effects of Danmaku video in improving students' learning outcomes.