Optimizing processors for (a) specific application(s) can substantially improve energy-efficiency. With the end of Dennard scaling, and the corresponding reduction in energy-efficiency gains from technology scaling, such approaches may become increasingly important. However, designing application-specific processors requires fast design space exploration tools to optimize for the targeted application(s). Analytical models can be a good fit for such design space exploration as they provide fast performance and power estimates and insight into the interaction between an application's characteristics and the micro-architecture of a processor. Unfortunately, prior analytical models for superscalar out-of-order processors require micro-architecture dependent inputs, such as cache miss rates, branch miss rates and memory-level parallelism. This requires profiling the applications for each cache and branch predictor configuration of interest, which is far more time-consuming than evaluating the analytical performance models. In this work we present amicro-architecture independentprofiler and associated analytical models that allow us to produce performanceandpower estimates across a large superscalar out-of-order processor design space almost instantaneously. We show that using a micro-architecture independent profile leads to a speedup of 300$\times$compared to detailed simulation for our evaluated design space. Over a large design space, the model has a 9.3 percent average error for performance and a 4.3 percent average error for power, compared to detailed cycle-level simulation. The model is able to accurately determine the optimal processor configuration for different applications under power or performance constraints, and provides insight into performance through cycle stacks.

Optimizing processors for specific application(s) can substantially improve energy-efficiency. With the end of Dennard scaling, and the corresponding reduction in energyefficiency gains from technology scaling, such approaches may become increasingly important. However, designing applicationspecific processors require fast design space exploration tools to optimize for the targeted application(s). Analytical models can be a good fit for such design space exploration as they provide fast performance estimations and insight into the interaction between an application's characteristics and the micro-architecture of a processor. Unfortunately, current analytical models require some microarchitecture dependent inputs, such as cache miss rates, branch miss rates and memory-level parallelism. This requires profiling the applications for each cache and branch predictor configuration, which is far more time-consuming than evaluating the actual performance models. In this work we present a micro-architecture independent profiler and associated analytical models that allow us to produce performance and power estimates across a large design space almost instantaneously. We show that using a micro-architecture independent profile leads to a speedup of 25× for our evaluated design space, compared to an analytical model that uses micro-architecture dependent profiles. Over a large design space, the model has a 13% error for performance and a 7% error for power, compared to cycle-level simulation. The model is able to accurately determine the optimal processor configuration for different applications under power or performance constraints, and it can provide insight into performance through cycle stacks.