In many sensing applications, typically radio signals are emitted by a radar and from the bounced reflections of the obstacles, inference about the environment is made. Even though radars can be used to sense the landscapes around the user-equipment (UE) such as whether UE is in the forested region, inside buildings, etc., it is not suitable in many wireless applications as many UEs does not have radars in them. Using radar will also increase the cost and power requirements on the UEs in applications requiring sensing of the landscapes. In this paper, we provide a mechanism where basestation (BS) is able to sense the UE’s landscape without the use of a radar. We propose an artificial intelligence (AI) based approach with suitable choice of the features derived from the wireless channel to infer the landscape of the UEs. Results for the proposed methods when applied to practical environments such as London city scenario yields a precision score of more than 95 percent.

5G is finally here. Initial deployments are already operational in several major cities and first 5G-capable devices are being released. Though it is not limited only to millimeter wave deployments, the main promise of 5G lies in the utilization of the high bandwidth available at high frequencies. However, high-frequency deployments are coverage-limited and require denser placement of base stations, which can increase the cost significantly. One of the main contributing factors to the cost is fiber deployment. Integrated access backhauling (IAB), where part of the wireless spectrum is used for the backhaul connection of base stations instead of fiber, is an attractive solution that could make dense deployments economically viable. With this main objective, 3GPP is in the process of standardizing multi-hop IAB networks. This paper provides an overview of the main features of the multi-hop IAB 3GPP rel-16 standard and the rationale behind the design choices.

This paper provides a detailed overview of the key technology features of the new 5G/NR radio-access technology, the first release of which has recently been published by 3GPP release 15, of the NR specifications finalized by the end of 2017. This first release is limited to non-standalone NR operation, implying that NR devices rely on LTE for initial access and mobility. The final release-15 specifications, to be available in June 2018, will also support stand-alone NR operation. The difference between stand-alone and non-standalone operation is primarily affecting higher layers and the interface to the core network; the basic radio technology is the same in both cases. This paper will give a detailed overview of the NR radioaccess technology with focus on the key features that distinguish it from 4G LTE.

This paper presents outdoor field experimental results showing the achievement of 3-Gbps throughput performance based on 400-MHz bandwidth transmission when applying carrier aggregation with 4 component carriers and 4-by-4 single-user multiple-in multiple-out multiplexing in the 15-GHz frequency band in the downlink of 5G cellular radio access. A new radio interface with time division duplexing and radio access based on orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing is implemented in a 5G testbed to support ultra-high speed transmission with low latency. Experimental results in an outdoor open-space parking area show that the peak throughput is 2.8 Gbps in front of a base station (BS) antenna with a high reference signal received power (RSRP) although rank 2 is selected due to the high antenna correlation. The results also show that the average throughput of 2 Gbps is achieved 120 m from the BS antenna. In a courtyard enclosed by building walls, 3.6 Gbps is achieved in an outdoor-to-outdoor environment with a high RSRP and in an outdoor-to-indoor environment where the RSRP is lower due to the penetration loss of glass windows, but a multipath rich environment contributes to actualizing a low antenna correlation.

5G is the next step in the evolution of mobile communication and a key component of the future networked society. With capabilities such as massive system capacity, higher data rates, very low latency and ultra-high reliability, 5G will provide significantly enhanced mobile-broadband experience but also support a wide range of new wireless applications and use cases. In this paper, a trial system for 5G mobile broadband operating at 15 GHz is outlined, together with initial experimental results showing that multi-Gbps data rates are possible.

The wireless-access networks of today will have to evolve in several dimensions in order to address the challenges and expectations of the future. New technology components will be introduced as part of the evolution of current wireless-access technologies, such as HSPA and LTE. However, additional components may also constitute future new wireless-access technologies, which may complement the evolved technologies. Examples of such new technology components are new ways of accessing spectrum and substantially higher frequency ranges, the introduction of massive antenna configurations, direct device-to-device communication, and ultra-dense deployments.

We study how UE-to-UE interference impacts the performance, considering transmitter out-of-band (OOB) emissions and receiver blocking characteristics for homogenous 20 MHz LTE systems. For co-existing TDD systems on different carrier frequencies within the same band, UE-to-UE interference may occur in certain situations. The impact of such interference is evaluated for a hotspot scenario and compared to a uniform user distribution scenario, and is found to be significantly worse. When the number of scheduled users in the aggressor cell is high (e.g. >; 2), then receiver blocking impact, rather than the OOB emission, dominates the interference performance in hotspot scenario. Consequently, guard bands cannot be used to mitigate the receiver blocking impacts.

This paper provides a high-level overview of some technology components currently considered for the evolution of LTE including complete fulfillment of the IMT-advanced requirements. These technology components include extended spectrum flexibility, multi-antenna solutions, coordinated multipoint transmission/reception, and the use of advanced repeaters/relaying. A simple performance assessment is also included, indicating potential for significantly increased performance.

3GPP is in the process of defining the long-term evolution (LTE) for 3G radio access, sometimes referred to as super-3G, in order to maintain the future competitiveness of 3G technology. The main targets for this evolution concern increased data rates, improved spectrum efficiency, improved coverage, and reduced latency. Taken together these result in significantly improved service provisioning and reduced operator costs in a variety of traffic scenarios. This paper gives an overview of the basic radio interface principles for the 3G long-term evolution concept, including OFDM and advanced antenna solution, and presents performance results indicating to what extent the requirements/targets can be met. It is seen that the targets on three-fold user throughput and spectrum efficiency compared to basic WCDMA can be fulfilled with the current working assumptions. More advanced WCDMA systems, employing e.g. advanced antenna solutions may however achieve similar performance gains. Enhancements for reduced latency and IP optimized architectures and protocols are further applicable to both LTE and WCDMA

This paper discusses the requirements on future radio access and, based on the requirements, proposes a framework for such a system. The proposed system based on orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing supports very low latencies and data rates up to 100 Mb/s with wide area coverage and 1 Gb/s with local area coverage. Spectrum flexibility is identified as one main requirement for future systems, and the proposed framework can be deployed in a wide range of spectrum allocations with bandwidths ranging from 2.5 to 100 MHz. Multihop relaying, useful to extend the range for the high data rates, and multiple-antenna configurations are integral parts of the framework. A packet-centric approach is taken for the dataflow processing, implying that the scheduling mechanism and the retransmission protocol operate on complete packets rather than segments thereof, thus allowing for cross-layer optimization. Finally, numerical evaluations are provided, illustrating the feasibility of future very wideband radio access.

The first step of evolving WCDMA towards higher data rates through the introduction of HSDPA is discussed. By applying fast link adaptation together with higher order modulation, fast hybrid ARQ and fast scheduling, the best-effort packet data support of WCDMA can be improved in terms of increased throughput, lower delays and increased peak data rates. Simulations illustrate the potential of the concept.

We compare two hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) combining strategies that currently are considered for the high speed downlink packet access (HSDPA) evolution of WCDMA. The two HARQ combining schemes are Chase combining, where the retransmissions are identical copies of the original transmission, and incremental redundancy (IR), where the retransmissions consist of new parity bits from the channel encoder. We show that the link-level performance of a HARQ type-II system can be significantly better with IR compared to Chase combining. The largest gains are obtained for high channel-coding rates and high modulation orders. For low modulation and coding schemes (MCS), the link-level performance gains with IR are less significant. We further show that in a system that uses link adaptation we can not expect any large gains with IR as long as the link adaptation errors are reasonably small. Furthermore, we show that on fading channels there are situations when an IR system actually performs poorer than a Chase combining system.

We discuss inter-frequency hand-over (IFHO) in third generation cellular systems based on wide-band DS-CDMA. In order to provide maximum flexibility for future radio network design, it is important to develop a technique allowing reliable IFHO in the system. The compressed mode (CM) scheme first presented by Baier et. al (see IEEE JSAC, vol.12, no.4, p.733-43, 1994) facilitates the use of the mobile-assisted hand-over (MAHO) technique commonly used in all second generation systems, also for IFHO in a CDMA system. We present and analyze four different ways of achieving a CM mechanism in a CDMA system. It is found that methods based on a variable spreading factor and coding-rate increment may be of most interest for practical use.

An evaluation of several multiple access schemes against UMTS criteria has been carried out within the European FRAMES project. Based on this comprehensive evaluation, a harmonised multiple access platform termed FRAMES multiple access (FMA) has been designed consisting of two modes: a wideband TDMA mode with and without spreading (FMA 1), and a wideband CDMA mode (FMA 2). This paper describes the FMA 2 radio access system proposal. The FMA 1 proposal is described in Ovesjo (1997).

Set partitioned trellis codes and multi-level block codes can be used to increase the information rate of the American digital cellular system (IS-54) from 1.22 bits/symbol to 1.75-2 bits/symbol. This increase in information rate can be used to enhance speech quality or increase system capacity. The bit error rate performance of several block coded modulation schemes is studied via simulation for flat and dispersive Rayleigh fading channels using the IS-54 base-mobile frame format. Coherent and differential detection, and equalization are studied considering finite interleaving and channel estimation via interpolation.>