The performance of the SNR protocol of A. N. Netravali et al. (1990) is studied when it is implemented for end-to-end flow and error control. Using a combination of analysis and simulation, the efficiency with which this protocol uses the network bandwidth and its achievable throughput is evaluated as a function of certain network and protocol parameters. The protocol is enhanced by introducing two windows to decouple the two functions of receiver flow control and network congestion control. This enhancement and the original protocol are compared with go-back-N (GBN) and one-at-a-time-selective-repeat (OSR) retransmission procedures, are shown to have significantly higher throughput for a wide range of network conditions. As an example, for a virtual circuit with 60-ms roundtrip delay and 10/sup -8/ bit error rate, in order to deliver 500 Mb/s throughput, both the GBN and OSR require a raw transmission bandwidth of approximately 800 Mb/s, whereas SNR with two windows needs slightly higher than 500 Mb/s raw bandwidth. Periodic exchange of state can also provide a variety of measures for congestion control in a timely and accurate fashion.>