With the escalating demand for cloud computing services, data centers (DCs) encounter formidable challenges extending beyond capital investment needs to accommodate increasing computational demands and routine infrastructure maintenance. These challenges include substantial electricity costs due to high energy consumption and the environmental issues caused by high carbon emissions. To reduce costs and mitigate environmental impacts, modern DCs not only use energy-efficient technologies to improve the efficiency of common IT and cooling systems, but also actively optimize the direct, indirect and environmental costs of the power supply side, posing significant challenges for DCs power management. Therefore, this paper presents a comprehensive survey of cost-aware optimization from the power supply perspective. First, it reviews the structures and key metrics of the power supply system, modeling methods and supporting techniques for main power and IT system components, establishing a foundation for optimization. Second, traditional (brown) and green energy sources are categorized to survey and compare existing critical works, analyzing the application of power management methods to tackle cost-related challenges. Finally, future research trends in the power supply perspective for DCs are discussed. This survey aims to provide recommendations for power supply side cost optimization to further advance the sustainable development of DCs.

Constructing energy-efficient cloud data centers (CDCs) is an essential path for the further expansion of cloud computing. As one of the core subsystems of a data center, the cooling system provides a reliable thermal environment for the safe operation of IT equipment while posing a huge energy consumption and carbon emission problem. Thus, it is evident that optimizing energy management of cooling systems with considerable energy-saving potential will be essential to realize the green and low-carbon development of CDCs. Therefore, to track the research progress of data center thermal management technologies, this review focuses on two research efforts: thermal modeling and thermal-aware energy saving methods. First, various thermal modeling approaches are reviewed for air-cooled and liquid-cooled data centers. Secondly, a comprehensive review of existing advanced thermal management approaches is conducted from three perspectives: thermal-aware IT load scheduling, cooling system control optimization, and joint optimization of the IT and cooling systems. Finally, we put forward some open issues and future research directions for thermal management that have not been completely solved. This review aims to provide reasonable suggestions to enhance cooling energy efficiency and further promote the transformation of CDCs to lower energy consumption and sustainable direction.