Objective To develop a unified and standardised metadata framework for ancient books of traditional Chinese medicine, aiming to achieve standardised and regulated management of such resources. This initiative seeks to enhance the efficiency of managing and utilising ancient books of traditional Chinese medicine while providing a scientific guideline for their description. Methods Using literature review, comparative analysis, and expert consultation methods, this study analyzes and compares the current state of ancient books of traditional Chinese medicine metadata and relevant domestic and international standards. Based on the Dublin Core Element Set (DC) as the basic framework and tailored to the characteristics of ancient books of traditional Chinese medicine, it proposes a research idea and framework for ancient books of traditional Chinese medicine metadata standards. Results This study proposes the research ideas and principles of metadata standards for ancient Chinese medicine books centered on the knowledge system of traditional Chinese medicine, clearly stipulates the objects and information sources of ancient Chinese medicine book resources, constructs a metadata structure model and hierarchical relationship including core metadata, extended metadata and element modifiers, and defines the core metadata elements. Conclusion The metadata standard for ancient books of traditional Chinese medicine will facilitate the integration and sharing of ancient books of traditional Chinese medicine resources, thereby advancing the inheritance and development of traditional Chinese medicine knowledge.

Objective To systematically evaluate and analyze the prescriptions for treating Xiongbi (Chest Bi-Syndrome) in ancient Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) books by integrating evidence-based valuation of ancient TCM literature and data mining methods. Methods First, the screened vidence of TCM prescriptions for Xiongbi from ancient books was evaluated and graded using the Evaluation and Grading Scale for Evidence of Disease Prevention and Treatment in Ancient TCM Books. For high-level evidence, the “Ancient and Modern Medical Records Cloud Platform” was applied to analyze indicators including drug use frequency, efficacy categories, nature, taste, and meridian tropism of drugs. Additionally, association rule analysis and cluster analysis were conducted. Results A total of 155 pieces of evidence from ancient TCM books for treating Xiongbi were finally included. Through evaluation, 31 prescriptions (e.g., Renshen Decoction, Fuling Xingren Gancao Decoction, Gualou Xiebai Banxia Decoction) were identified as high-level evidence. Data mining results showed that, among the high-level evidence for Xiongbi treatment in ancient books, the main drug efficacies were dispelling cold to relieve pain, tonifying fire to support yang, and warming and unblocking meridians; warm-natured drugs were most frequently used; pungent was the dominant taste of drugs; and the spleen meridian was the primary meridian tropism. Association rule analysis revealed that Cinnamomi Cortex (cinnamon) was a common drug for treating Xiongbi with heart pain, and the “Ginseng-Cinnamomi Cortex” pair was the most frequently used drug combination for Xiongbi. Cluster analysis yielded 4 core prescription groups, each reflecting distinct treatment strategies. Conclusion This study conducts quality evaluation and in-depth mining analysis of prescriptions for Xiongbi in ancient TCM books using evidence-based evaluation of ancient TCM literature and data mining. The results not only provide more reliable evidence from ancient books for the clinical treatment of Xiongbi in TCM but also offer sufficient ancient book-based evidence support for the formulation of TCM clinical decisions.

Objective To address the issues in named entity recognition (NER) in the field of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), this study proposes a method for identifying entities in TCM herbal literature; Methods We identify and describe the types of knowledge entities and entity relationships involved in herbal literature. We apply the BIO sequence labeling method to generate a training corpus dataset and use our self-developed CNLP text annotation system for text annotation. The Bert model is employed for recognizing named entities; Results The Bert model achieved entity recognition results for various entities in TCM herbal literature with precision (P) of 71.49%, recall (R) of 72.33%, and F1 score of 71.91%; Conclusion The Bert model demonstrates a certain level of applicability in recognizing various entities in TCM herbal literature. This model is helpful in extracting valuable structured information from a large volume of text data.

Transport accessibility and urban-rural connectivity are seen as critical aspects of rural economic development. In the transit network, passenger flow between urban-rural corridors demonstrates directional imbalances and low utilization of scarce resources. Freight transportation, on the other hand, lags due to poor geography, high operating costs, and scattered demand. This paper proposes a new mode of public transit that integrates passenger and freight transport, providing a carrier for logistics while compensating for the low utilization of passenger transport. In this mode, each timetabled round trip is divided into one dedicated passenger trip with high demand and one mixed-flow trip with on-demand requests. A space-time-state network is constructed considering the picking-up time window, loading/unloading service time, and electric bus energy replenishment. A mixed-integer linear programming model is developed to optimize the bus schedule that covers the travel demands and the charging requests with minimized travel costs. A Lagrangian relaxation framework with a dynamic programming algorithm and sub-gradient method is presented for problem-solving. The real-life rural-urban transport instance and a simulated network demonstrate the operation of the new mode and validate the efficiency of the proposed method. The innovative concept and the optimization framework are expected to serve as a reference for public administration to alleviate passenger and freight transportation bottlenecks in the urban-rural context.

Objective; To analyze the discrimination and treatment of acute larynx ulcer in TCM classics. Methods: Using the mathematical statistics and data mining methods to sort and analyze information of the scarlet fever in TCM classics, such as etiology, disease-bit, treatment and formulas. Results: The causes of the scarlet fever involved warms up when poison, weakened body resistance and pidemic pathogen with li gas, and its site of cerebral apoplexy located in throat, skin and stomach. TCM syndrome of the scarlet fever included pathogenic factors invade lung and surface, toxic obstructing qi aspect, pathogenic factors invade the ying blood and pathogenic factors invade liver and kidney. For the treatment of the scarlet fever, the main method is clearing heat and detoxification, and external treatment is emphasized, such as external application, laryngeal blowing and removing corruption. Niuhuang (Bovis Calculus)-Zhenzhu (Margarita), Bingpian (Borneolum Syntheticum)-Daqingye (Isatidis Folium), Niuxi (Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix)-Tuniuxigen (Achyranthes aspera), Bingpian (Borneolum Syntheticum)-Niuhuang (Bovis Calculus), Bingpian (Borneolum Syntheticum)-Xionghuang (Realgar), Bingpian (Borneolum Syntheticum)-Shexiang (Moschus) combination has the characteristics of scarlet fever treatment. Conclusion: By summarizing and excavating the rules of syndrome differentiation and treatment of scarlet fever, it can provide a reference for the treatment of modern acute respiratory infectious diseases.

Electrification of public transport is inspired by the increasing concern about greenhouse gas emissions. Studies in this realm were conducted to smooth the sustainable transport mode transition, whereas very little attention has been dedicated to modeling the effect of battery degradation process on fleet operation. To fill the research gap, a long-term electric fleet management framework is developed, with fully considering the practical battery capacity loss within charge and discharge cycling. As the battery aging rate is highly dependent on the state of battery charge, we propose to constrain state of battery charge within a predefined range and quantify its cost-effective feature through lifecycle cost analysis. We employ 6 groups of the selected ranges to valid the model and conduct a cost-benefit analysis through comparing their corresponding lifecycle costs. It shows that the battery lifespan can be extended by up to 3 years and the lifecycle cost of electric bus fleet can reduce 24.7% through keeping the state of battery charge within a low and narrow range. A number of managerial insights stemmed from the numerical cases were fully analyzed. The framework and results of this study were expected to serve as a reference for transit operators to make sustainable management strategy for the next generation of public transport.