Software testing is an essential skill for software developers, but it is challenging to get students engaged in this activity. The Code Defenders game addresses this problem by letting students compete over code under test by either introducing faults ("attacking") or by writing tests ("defending") to reveal these faults. In this paper, we describe how we integrated Code Defenders as a semester-long activity of an undergraduate and graduate level university course on software testing. We complemented the regular course sessions with weekly Code Defenders sessions, addressing challenges such as selecting suitable code to test, managing games, and assessing performance. Our experience and our data show that the integration of Code Defenders was well-received by students and led them to practice testing thoroughly. Positive learning effects are evident as student performance improved steadily throughout the semester.

Block-based programming environments like Scratch foster engagement with computer programming and are used by millions of young learners. Scratch allows learners to quickly create entertaining programs and games, while eliminating syntactical program errors that could interfere with progress. However, functional programming errors may still lead to incorrect programs, and learners and their teachers need to identify and understand these errors. This is currently an entirely manual process. In this paper, we introduce a formal testing framework that describes the problem of Scratch testing in detail. We instantiate this formal framework with the Whisker tool, which provides automated and property-based testing functionality for Scratch programs. Empirical evaluation on real student and teacher programs demonstrates that Whisker can successfully test Scratch programs, and automatically achieves an average of 95.25 % code coverage. Although well-known testing problems such as test flakiness also exist in the scenario of Scratch testing, we show that automated and property-based testing can accurately reproduce and replace the manually and laboriously produced grading efforts of a teacher, and opens up new possibilities to support learners of programming in their struggles.