In this paper, an AI tool based on a Large Language Model is presented to generate the mandatory TEDS of the IEEE 1451 standard. The TEDS generation process is a challenging process that requires a comprehensive knowledge of the IEEE 1451 and TEDS format. Currently, the process is manual, with entering the required data and choosing a TEDS template. However, in order to simplify the process, an AI tool is proposed to receive the user’s data in a simple text entry format and generate the binary codes automatically. This tool is presented in this paper along with some examples to demonstrate the feasibility of the process.

The technical standards are employed in everyday tasks, such as connecting to the internet or to nearby devices. The process to learn a new technical standard is difficult and needs time, as the standards have complex documentation that needs to be understood and comprehended. Based on that, a new proposed Web-based educational tool for e-learning has been developed to allow students and professors to speed up the learning curve for the IEEE 1451 family of standards using an interactive method, where the users fill in the fields with some inputs, and the tool shows its results in real time. This tool enables users to learn the IEEE 1451 Transducer Electronic Data Sheets (TEDS), the network service and transducer service messages from the IEEE 1451 Application (APP) to the IEEE 1451 Network Capable Application Processor (NCAP) and the NCAP to the Transducer Interface Module (TIM), respectively. The tool has been tested in the last two years by IEEE 1451 community members, professors, and students. Initial feedback suggests that this Web-based tool enhances the learning process and a deeper understanding of the IEEE 1451 family of standards, offering a promising approach to technical standards education.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is highly heterogeneous regarding smart sensors/devices, connectivity, communication protocols, and data formats. The major challenges of IoT ecosystems are fragmentation (or disintegration) and cross-domain interoperability. To overcome the challenges of interoperability, standardized interfaces and protocols, harmonized interactions, and interoperability testing are essential. This paper introduces a harmonization model of interactions among IoT devices with diverse interfaces/connectivity and communication protocols to achieve interoperability by harmonizing their interactions. A harmonization implementation of interactions of the IEEE 1451-based IoT devices and MODBUS devices has been provided in the paper to test and verify that the proposed harmonization model works well. This harmonization model and implementation of interactions among IoT devices will provide a solid foundation for the IEEE P1451.99 standard specification.

In this paper, a new model for the design and development of distributed control and measurement systems will be presented. The system is based on IEC 61499 and IEEE 1451 standards to benefit from the features they offer. The robust distributed control mechanism of IEC 61499 compliments the advanced plug-and-play feature of IEEE 1451 at the transducer level. The proposed employs the Unified Modelling Language (UML) for an earthquake detection system as a case study. System requirements, design and development, and implementation are the three phases of the model at two levels of Cyber and Physical. This will allow the user to visualize the whole system that can be adopted for any application. Several UML diagrams are used in order to facilitate the design process at different levels of abstraction.

Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystems are highly heterogeneous regarding smart sensors/devices, connectivity, communication protocols, data formats, and platforms. The major challenges of IoT ecosystems are fragmentation or disintegration and cross-domain interoperability. The Web of Things (WoT) integrates the IoT with Web technologies to address these IoT challenges. Semantic WoT (SWoT) integrates the WoT with Semantic Web technologies to achieve semantic interoperability of IoT ecosystems. Aiming to promote semantic communication, thus achieving semantic interoperability of the IEEE 1451.0based sensor networks for IoT applications, this paper introduces the IEEE 1451.0-based WoT ontology. An IEEE 1451.0-based WoT thing model is developed based on the combination of the IoT thing capability model and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) WoT thing model. The IEEE 1451.0-based WoT thing model consists of identification and context, behaviors, properties and data schema, security, time synchronization and protocol bindings for IEEE 1451 WoT Things – e.g., network-capable application processors (NCAP), application (APP), transducer interface modules (TIM), and smart transducers (sensors and/or actuators). A WoT thing description (TD) example of an IEEE 1451.0-based smart sensor is provided in the paper to verify the developed IEEE 1451.0-based WoT ontology.

Distributed control and measurement systems are robust and flexible thanks to their reconfigurability and plug-and-play characteristics. IEC 61499 and IEEE 1451 standards are proposed for distributed and plug-and-play control and measurement systems. However, IEC 61499 standards do not provide an integration guideline at the transducer level, and at the same time, IEEE 1451 lacks a robust control mechanism similar to the one IEC 61499 provides. For these reasons, introducing the Transducer Interface Module defined by IEEE 1451 will enhance the reconfigurability and plug-and-play characteristics of the IEC 61499 at the sensors and actuators level. This paper presents the integration phase of a Transducer Interface Module into the IEC 61499 standard. A temperature-controlling system, which is fully IEC 61499- and IEEE 1451-compliant, is implemented and discussed.

In the last decades, smart sensor networks have become a vital component of society. It has been used over the past years to develop ways to create smart sensor networks in which every smart sensor can communicate its main parameters to the others in the network. In this way, the IEEE 1451 family of standards is becoming significantly used in several fields to establish a communication protocol between smart sensors. This family of standards has been expanded over the last decades with new standards introducing novelties regarding the various aspects of communication between smart sensors. This paper discusses using acoustic waves to transmit data between user applications and smart sensors over metallic-made structures. The possibility of sending modulated signals with an OOK digital modulation is also presented. Finally, the work shows an experimental setup to characterize, from an acoustic propagation point of view, the communication channel.

The construction of Smart Cities brings together a diversity of resources and infrastructures that, by definition, need to be interconnected. Smart transducers are infrastructures' building blocks. Features such as device clustering, plug-and-play, self-identification, or interoperability must be present in elements that integrate infrastructures belonging to a Smart City. The most appropriate solution is to adopt a standard. The IEEE 1451 standard is a solution that, due to its characteristics, has a high potential for application in the development of transducers that find applicability in Smart Cities. A mobility service based on electric bicycles, integrated into a loan service, demonstrates the concept. In addition to managing bicycles' loans, the service allows monitoring the amount of energy available in the battery and the environmental ambient air quality. Through the mobility platform, it is possible to conclude the effectiveness of the IEEE 1451 standard as a solution that significantly contributes to the success of the concepts associated with Smart Cities.

Interoperability is an essential key in the Industrial Internet of Things and Industry 4.0, enabling devices and equipment from different vendors to share information and knowledge. Levels of interoperability go from a simple connection between devices to complex semantic levels of connectivity. Semantic connectivity enables information sharing between systems with unambiguous meaning, which is ideal for communication in the industry. It can solve interoperability issues, tool development, and service implementation. A reference architecture model presents an architecture to solve the interoperability problem focusing on standards to allow the connections between the devices and systems. This work presents a development of the proposed ontology developed based on the IEEE 1451 family of standards. The final result finds applications solving semantic level issues, adding linked data, and enabling interoperability with or without a reference architecture model.

This paper focuses on the interoperability of smart devices (sensor and actuators) in the context of the Industrial Internet of Things. IEC 61499 and IEEE 1451 standards are employed to implement a distributed control and measurement system. It addresses how two standards can interoperate and communicate efficiently by complementing each other. Both standards share common properties which are the essential elements of any IoT system. The Message Queue Telemetry Protocols (MQTT) is utilized to provide an interoperable network interface between the IEEE 1451 family of standards and the IEC 61499 standard. An interoperability test platform is provided to show how both standards communicate efficiently for a simple read/ write automation process.

Interoperability is one of the important characteristics of the Internet of Things. The interoperability enables smart things to exchange data in different areas with different levels of interoperability. Industrial Internet of Things is one of them, and it has the focus in the manufacturing process and connected with other associated ideas as Industry 4.0, Cyber-Physical Systems, and Cyber-Physical Production Systems. It is mandatory to define reference architectures models to manage the Industry 4.0 and the Industrial Internet of Things. The reference models enable semantic interoperability. A reference model provides a bottom/top view of an industrial process, going from the business to the physical layer. At the physical layer, it is necessary to combine physical things with digital world representations, extending its functionalities in the manufacturing process. IEEE 1451 family standards has the essential characteristics to support the exchange of information between IoT applications and sensors & actuators, allowing the industry to build digital elements and meets the Industry 4.0 requirements. This paper presents the reference models proposed for Industry 4.0, taking as reference the implementation and adoption of the IEEE 1451 standard as an option to acquire data and communicates inside of an industrial process. However, at this point, IEEE 1451 enables to achieve the syntactic level of interoperability, in this paper is discussed how to achieve the semantic level of interoperability using the IEEE 1451 family of standards.

The evolution of Information and Communication Technologies and the increasing smartness of instrumentation is leading the industrial sector to evolve and reach the 4th generation of the industry. The standardization will support the technological evolution leading the industry to the Factory of the Future. The IEEE 1451 family of standards was developed to enhance the implementation of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) able to communicate with the network, and so lead to the Internet of Things. In several phases of product development, the control and measurement tasks are needed and WSN can be implemented to reduce men hours and increase the accuracy of the measurements. In this context, this paper discusses a wireless sensor network in an automotive factory environment, and presents how the standard can be applied to the painting process. This is a work in progress, so in this paper is discussed the implementation of the family of standards and what are the advantages of using standardized sensor networks.